without any reflection or regard of the understanding, it is that which the French call resvery; our language has scarce a word for it.”
REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and
videre), an inspection or critical examination; it is chiefly used
as a military or naval term for an inspection on a large or formal
scale of a fleet or body of troops by the sovereign or other person
holding a high official position, or for a critical account of a
recently published literary work in a magazine or periodical.
The earliest use of the word for the title of such a periodical
was in the paper begun by Defoe in 1704, the full title of which
was A Review of the Affairs of France and of all Europe, as influenced
by that Nation (see Periodicals and Newspapers). In
France there is a particular application of the term revue or,
more fully, revue de fin d'année to a form of dramatic performance,
acted or sung, in which the chief events of the past year, and
the personages who have been prominently before the public,
are satirically and critically passed under review. Attempts
have been made to trace such performances to an early origin.
In their modern form, however, they date from the reign of
Louis Philippe. L'An 1841 et l'an 1941, by the brothers Cogniard,
was one of the earliest.
REVILLAGIGEDO, an isolated, uninhabited group of rocky
islands in the N. Pacific, lat. 18° N., long. 112° W., belonging
to Mexico, and forming part of the state of Colima. They are
about 420 m. from the Mexican coast and comprise the large
island of Socorro (San Tomás), 24 m. long by an average of
9 m. wide, and the three widely separated islets of San Benedicto,
Roca Partida and Clarion, with a total area of 320 sq. m. The island of Socorro has an extinct volcano 3660 ft. high. The islands have certain remarkable zoological features, comprising several birds and reptiles allied to those of the Mexican mainland but differing from them in species. The archipelago derives its name from the Spanish Viceroy who governed Mexico from 1746 to 1755.
RÉVILLE, ALBERT (1826–), French Protestant theologian,
was born at Dieppe on the 4th of November 1826.
After studying at Geneva and Strassburg, he became in 1849
pastor at Lunerai near Dieppe, and in 1851 of the Walloon
Church at Rotterdam, where he remained until 1872. In 1880
he was made professor of the history of religions in the College
de France at Paris. Six years later he was appointed president
of the section of religious studies in the École des hautes études
at the Sorbonne. He is one of the leaders of the French school
of advanced critical theology.
Works.—Besides contributing to the Revue de théologie (Paris), the Revue de l'histoire des religions (Paris), the Revue des deux mondes, the following works are important: Manuel d'histoire comparée de la philosophie et de la religion (1859; Eng. trans., 1864); Histoire du dogme de la divinité de Jésus Christ (1869, 3rd ed., 1904; Eng. trans., 1905); Prolegomènes de l'histoire des religions (1881, 4th ed., 1886; Eng. trans., 1884); Theodore Parker, sa vie et ses œuvres (1865; Eng. trans., 1865, 2nd ed., 1877); Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by the native religions of Mexico and Peru (the “ Hibbert Lectures " for 1884); Jésus de Nazareth (1897, 12th ed., 1906).
His son, Jean Reville, was born on the 6th of November 1854, studied at Geneva, Paris, Berlin and Heidelberg, and became professor of patriotic literature and secretary of the section of religious studies in the École des hautes études at the Sorbonne. In 1884 he became co-editor of the Revue de l'histoire des religions (Paris).
His books include: La Doctrine du logos (1881); La Religion à Rome sous les Sévères (1886); Les Origines de l'épiscopat (1895); and Le Protestantisme libéral, ses origines, sa nature, sa mission (1903; Eng. trans., 1903).
REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL, THE (le tribunal revolutionnaire),
a court which was instituted in Paris by the Convention
during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders,
and became one of the most powerful engines of the Terror. The
news of the failure of the French arms in Belgium gave rise in
Paris to popular movements on the 9th and 10th of March 1793,
and on the 10th of March, on the proposal of Danton, the
Convention decreed that there should be established in Paris
an extraordinary criminal tribunal, which received the official
name of the Revolutionary Tribunal by a decree of the 29th of
October 1793. It was composed of a jury, a public. prosecutor,
and two substitutes, all nominated by the Convention; and
from its judgments there was no appeal. With M.J.A. Hermann
as president and Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor, the
tribunal terrorized the royalists, the refractory priests and all
the actors in the counter-revolution. Soon, too, it came to
be used for personal ends, particularly by, Robespierre, who
employed it for the condemnation of his adversaries. The
excesses of the Revolutionary Tribunal increased with the
growth of Robespierre's ascendancy in the Committee of Public
Safety; and on the 10th of June 1794 was promulgated, at his
instigation, the infamous Law of 22 Prairial, which forbade
prisoners to employ counsel for- their defence, suppressed the
hearing of witnesses and made death the sole penalty. Before
22 Prairial the Revolutionary Tribunal, had pronounced 1220
death-sentences in thirteen months; during the forty-nine days
between the passing of the law and the fall of Robespierre
1376 persons were condemned, including many innocent
victims. The lists of prisoners to be sent before the tribunal
were prepared by a popular commission sitting at the museum,
and signed, after revision, by the Committee of General
Security and the Committee of Public Safety jointly. Although
Robespierre was the principal purveyor of the tribunal, we
possess only one of these lists bearing his signature. The
Revolutionary Tribunal was suppressed on the 31st of May
1795. Among its most celebrated victims may be mentioned
Marie Antoinette, the Hébertists, the Dantonists and several
of the Girondists. Similar tribunals were also in operation in
the provinces.
See H. A. Wallon, Histoire du tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris (Paris, 6 vols., 1880-82); E. Campardon, Le Tribunal revolutionnaire de Paris (Paris, 2nd ed., 2 vols., 1866); C. Berriat Saint-Prix, La Justice révolutionnaire à Paris, Bordeaux, Brest, Lyon, Nantes, ... (Paris, 1861), and La Justice révolutionnaire (août 1792–prairial an II.) d'apres des documents originaux (Paris, 1870); also G. Lenôtre, Le Tribunal revolutionnaire (1908). For a bibliography of its records see M. Tourneux, Bibliog. de la ville de Paris ... (1890, vol. i. Nos. 3925-3974).
REWA, or Riwa, a native state of Central India in the Bagelkhand
agency. It is the only large state in Bagelkhand, and the
second largest in Central India, having an area of about 13,000
sq. m. It is bounded N. by the United Provinces, E. by Bengal
and S. by the Central. Provinces. On the W. it meets other
petty states of Bagelkhand. Rewa is divided into two well-defined
portions. The northern and smaller division is the
plateau lying between the Kaimur range of hills and that
portion of the Vindhyas known as Binjh, which overlook the
valley of the Ganges. This plateau is for the most part
cultivated and well peopled; rich harvests both of kharif and rabi
crops are generally obtained. Water is plentiful, and the
country is full of large tanks and reservoirs, which, however,
are not used for irrigation purposes; the only system of wet
cultivation which has any favour with the villagers is that of
bunds, or mounds of earth raised at the lower ends of sloping
fields to retain the rain water for some time after the monsoon
rains cease. The country to the S. of the Kaimur hills comprises
by far the largest portion of the state; but here cultivation
is restricted to the valley between the hills and the Sone
river, and to a few isolated patches in scattered parts of the
forest wastes. The principal river is the Sone, which flows
through the state in a N.E. direction into Mirzapur district.
Another important river is the Tons, but neither is navigable.
The annual rainfall averages about 41 in. The population in
1901 was 1,327,385, showing a decrease of 12% in the decade.
Many of the inhabitants of the hilly tracts are Gonds and Kols.
Estimated revenue, £200,000. The staple crops are rice,
millets and wheat; but more than one-third of the area is
covered with forests, yielding timber and lac.
The S. of the state is crossed by the branch of the Bengal-Napur railway from Bilaspur to Katni, which taps the Umaria coal-field. The state suffered from famine in 1896-97, and again to a less
