distinct river systems in Rio Grande do Sul—that of the,
eastern slope draining to the tide-water lakes, and that of
the La Plata basin draining westward to the Uruguay. Fully
one-third of the state belongs to the La Plata drainage basin.
The larger rivers of the eastern group are the Jacuhy, Sinos,
Cahy, Gravatahy and Camaquam, which flow into the Lagôa
dos Patos, and the Jaguarao which flows into the Lagôa Mirim.
All of the first named, except the Camaquam, discharge into
one of the two arms or estuaries opening into the northern
end of Lagôa dos Patos, which is called the Rio Guahyba,
though in reality it is not a river. It is broad, comparatively
deep and about 35 m. long, and with the rivers discharging
into it affords upwards of 200 m. of fluvial navigation. The
Jacuhy is one of the most important rivers of the state, rising
in the ranges of the Coxilha (Cuchilla) Grande of the North
and flowing S. and S.E. to the Guahyba estuary, with a course
of nearly 300 m. It has two large tributaries—the Vaccacahy
from the S. and the Taquary from the N.—besides many
small streams. The Jaguarão, which forms part of the boundary
line with Uruguay, is navigable 26 m., up to and beyond the
town of Jaguarao. Of the many streams flowing northward
and westward to the Uruguay, the largest are the Ijuhyguassú,
of the plateau region, the Ibicuhy, which has its source
in the central part of the state, near Santa Maria, and flows
westward to the Uruguay a short distance above Uruguayana
and the Quarahim, or Quarahy, which forms part of the
boundary line with Uruguay. The Uruguay river itself is
formed by the confluence of the Rio das Canôas and Rio Pelotas
in about long. 51° 30′ W. With its southern confluent, -the
Rio Pelotas, which has its source in the Serra do Mar, on the
Atlantic coast, it forms the northern and western boundary
line of the state down to the mouth of the Quarahim, on the
Uruguayan frontier. In addition to the Lagôa dos Patos and
Lagôa Mirim there are a number of small lakes 'on the sandy,
swampy peninsulas that lie between the coast and these. two,
and there are others of a similar character along the northern
coast. The largest lake is the Lagôa dos Patos (Lake of the
Patos—an Indian tribe inhabiting its shores at the time of
the discovery), which lies parallel with the coast-line, N.E.
and S.W., and is about 133 m. long exclusive of the two arms
at its northern end, 25 and 35 m. long respectively, and of its
outlet, the Rio Grande, about 24 m. long. Its width varies
from 22 to 36 m. The lake is comparatively shallow and filled
with sand banks, making its navigable channels tortuous and
difficult. The Lagôa Mirim occupies a similar position farther
S., on the Uruguayan frontier, and is about 108 m. long by
6 to 22 m. wide. It is more irregular in outline and discharges
into Lagôa dos Patos through a navigable channel known as
the Rio São Goncalo. A part of the lake lies in Uruguayan
territory, but its navigation, as determined by treaty, belongs
exclusively to Brazil. Both of these lakes are evidently the
remains of an ancient depression in the coast-line shut in by
sand beaches built up by the combined action of wind and
current. They are of the same level as the ocean, but their
waters are affected by the tides and are brackish only a short
distance above the Rio Grande outlet.
Rio Grande lies within the South Temperate zone and has a mild, temperate climate, except in the coastal zone where it is semi-tropical. There are only two well-marked seasons, though the transition periods between them (about two months each) are sometimes described as spring and autumn. The winter months, June to September, are characterized by heavy rains and by cold westerly winds, called minuanos, which sometimes lower the temperature to the freezing point, especially in the mountainous districts. Snow is unknown, but ice frequently forms on inland waters during cold winter nights, only to disappear with the first rays of the sun. In summer, which is nominally a dry season, light rains are common, northerly and easterly winds prevail, and the temperature rises to 95° in the shade. Cases of insulation are not rare. Malaria is unusual and the state has a high reputation for healthiness, though insanitary conditions are responsible for various diseases in large communities.
The principal industry of the state is stock-raising, especially on the southern plains, where large estancias (ranches) are to be found. This industry originated with the Jesuit missions on the Uruguay early in the 17th century, and its development here has been much the same as in Argentina and Uruguay. No general effort was made before the 20th century to improve the herds by the importation of better breeds, and the industry was practically in a state of decay until higher tariff rates were imposed on imported carne secca (jerked beef) toward the end of the 19th century. The export of live-stock is insignificant, the practice being to sell the cattle to the xargueadas or saladeros where the are slaughtered for xarque, charqui or carne secca, which is usually prepared by salting and drying in the sun. The jerked beef is largely exported to other Brazilian states for consumption, while the hides and other by-products are exported to Europe and the United States. The importance of the industry is shown in the-exports of 1905, in kilogrammes, viz.: jerked beef, 37,555,951; dry hides, 4,735,987; salted hides, 12,141,779; beef extract, 16,712; ox-tongues, 498,577; tallow, 6,174,189; and large quantities of leather, horns, hoofs, bone-ash and preserved meats. Horses, mules, sheep, goats and swine are also raised; the raising of sheep being fostered by the building of woollen factories, and that of swine by the higher duties on imported pork and lard. In some parts of the state agriculture claims much attention, especially in the forested districts of the north where colonies of foreign immigrants have been established. The principal products are wheat, Indian corn, rice, beans, pease, onions, garlic, farinha de mandioca (cassava flour), potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, fruit, tobacco and peanuts—all of which find a ready market on the coast. Grapes are grown in several localities (São Leopoldo, Alegrete, Bagé, &c.) for wine-making, and the industry has become important—the export in 1905 being 2,092,417 litres. The forest products include herva matte or Paraguay tea (Ilex paraguayensis), timbers and lumber, and vegetable fibre (crina vegetal). Coal of an inferior quality is mined at São Jeronymo, on a small tributary (Arroio dos Ratos) of the Jacuhy river, and has been discovered in other localities. Lime is burned at Caçapava, and at some other places. Gold, copper and iron are said to exist, but are not mined. Considerable progress has been made in manufacturing industries, among whose 'products are: woollen, cotton and jute textiles, leather, wheat, flour, boots, , shoes and sandals (tamnacos), wines and liquors, beer, macaroni, biscuits and other prepared foods, cigars and cigarettes, hats, matches, soap, candles and wrapping paper. Much of this diversity in production is due to the foreign element in the population.
The railway lines in the state are: the Porto Alegre to Novo Hamburgo (27 m.), with an extension to Taquary (28 m.); Porto Alegre to Uruguayana, completed from Margem do Taquary (Bank of the Taquary) to Cacequy (232 m.); Santa Maria to Passo undo (221 m.); Rio Grande to Bagé (175 m.), with 14 m. in branches at Rio Grande; an extension from Cacequy to Bagé (129 m.); and the Quarahim to Itaquy (109 m.). All these except the last have been taken over by the national government and leased to the Belgian “Compagnie auxiliary de Chemin de Fer au Brésil,” which has undertaken' to complete the line from Cacequy to Uruguayana (161 m.), from Margem do Taquary to Neustadt, on the Novo Hamburgo line (60 m.), and some other branches. The Quarahim to Itaquy line belongs to an English company and runs from the Uruguayan frontier, where it connects with the North-Western of Uruguay, northward to Uruguayana and the naval station of Itaquy.
The population in 1900 was 1,149,070. There is a large foreign element: in 1905 the total number of foreigners residing in the state was estimated at 400,000 (not including children born in the country), and of Germans at 250,000. The first German colony was founded in 1824 and settled in 1825 in the rich forested country. N. of Porto Alegre, and many large and prosperous communities have been established since then in spite of the wars and political agitations in the state. Several of, these colonies, such as São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo and Conde d’Eu (now Garibaldi), have become important towns and are, no longer under colonial administration. Italian colonies were subsequently established, also with good results, but an Irish colony founded at Monte Bonito, near Pelotas, about 1851, failed completely. The capital of Rio Grande do Sul is Porto Alegre at the northern extremity of Lagôa dos Patos, and its two next most important cities are Rio Grande and Pelotas, both at the southern extremity of the same lake. Among other important cities and towns, with population returns for 1900, are Alegrete (11,438), prettily situated in the W. part of the state on the Porto Alegre to Uruguayana railway; Bagé (13,463), about 173 m. by rail N.W. of Rio Grande in a picturesque mountainous region, 702 ft. above sea-level; Jaguarao (9000), on a river of the same name and opposite the Uruguayan town of Artigas, with steamboat communication with Rio Grande; Cacapava (8781 in 1890) in a fine grazing district in the central part of the state, 1732 ft.above sea-level; Quarahim, or Quarahy (about 6500), a town of much commercial
