colleague as regent, he had two sons and several daughters; and he had also many illegitimate children.
See Andrew of Wyntoun, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, edited by D. Laing (Edinburgh, 1872~1879); John of Fordun, Scotichronicon, continued by Walter Bower, edited by T. Hearne (Oxford, 1722); John Major, Historia majoris Britanniae, translated by A. Constable (Edinburgh, 1892); and P. F. Tytler, History of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1841-1843).
ROBERT III. (c. 1340-1406), king of Scotland, was the
eldest son of King Robert II. by his mistress, Elizabeth Mure,
and was legitimatized when his parents were married about
1349. In 1368 he was created earl of Carrick, and he took
some part in the government of the kingdom until about 1387,
when he was disabled by the kick of a horse. It was probably
in consequence of this accident that his brother Robert, earl
of Fife, and not the crown prince himself, was made guardian
of the kingdom in 1389; but the latter succeeded to the throne
on his father's death in May 1390. At this time he changed
his baptismal name of John, which was unpopular owing to
its connexion with John de Baliol, for that of Robert, being
crowned at Scone' in August 1390 as King Robert III. Although
he probably attended several parliaments the new
king was only the nominal ruler of Scotland, the real power
being in the hands of his brother, the earl of Fife. In 1399,
however, owing to the king's “ sickness of the body, ” his elder
son, David, duke of Rothesay, was appointed lieutenant of the
kingdom; but this event was followed by an English invasion
of Scotland, by serious differences between Rothesay and his
uncle, Robert, now duke of Albany, and finally in March 1402
by Rothesay's mysterious death at Falkland. Early in 1406
the king's only surviving son, afterwards King James I., was
captured by the English; and on the 4th of April 1406 Robert
died, probably at Rothesay, and was buried at Paisley. He
married Annabella Drummond (c. 1350-1402), daughter of
Sir John Drummond of Stobhall, and, in addition to the two
sons already mentioned, had four daughters.
ROBERT I. (0 865-923), king of France, or king of the
Franks, was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count
of Anjou, and the brother of Odo, or Eudes, who became king
of the western Franks in 888. Appointed by Odo ruler of
several counties, including the county of Paris, and abbot in
commend am of many abbeys, Robert also secured the office
of duke of the Franks, a military dignity of high importance.
He did not claim the crown of France when his brother died
in 898; but recognizing the supremacy of the Carolingian
king, Charles III., the Simple, he was confirmed in his offices
and possessions, after which he continued to defend northern
France from the attacks of the Normans. The peace between
the king and his powerful vassal was not seriously disturbed
until about 921. The rule of Charles, and especially his partiality
for a certain Hagano, had aroused some irritation;
and, supported by many of the clergy and by some of the most
powerful of the Frankish nobles, Robert took up arms, drove
Charles into Lorraine, and was himself crowned king of the
Franks at Reims on the 29th of June 922. Collecting an army,
Charles marched against the usurper, and on the 15th of June
923, in a stubborn and sanguinary battle near Soissons, Robert
was killed, according to one tradition in single combat with
his rival. Robert left a son, Hugh the Great, duke of the
Franks, and his grandson was Hugh Capet, king of France.
See F. Lot, Les Derniers Carolingiens (Paris, 1891); and E.
Lavisse, Histoire de France, tome ii. (Paris, 1903).
ROBERT II. (c. 970-1031), king of France, was a son of
Hugh Capet, and was born at Orleans. He was educated at
Reims under Gerbert, afterwards Pope Silvester II. As the
ideal of medieval Christianity he won his surname of “ Pious ”
by. his humility and charity, but he also possessed some of the
qualities of a soldier and a statesman. His father associated
him with himself in the government of France, and he was
crowned in December 987, becoming sole king on Hugh's
death in October 996. Robert's reign is chiefly remembered
for its dramatic side. In 988 he had married Rosala, or
Susanna., widow of Arnold II., count of Flanders. This lady,
however, was much older than Robert, who repudiated her
in 989, fixing his affections upon Bertha, daughter of Conrad
the Peaceful, king of Burgundy, or Arles, and wife of Eudes I.,
count of Blois; and although the pair were related, and the
king had been godfather to one of Bertha's children, they were
married in 996, a year after the death of Eudes. Pope Gregory
V., whose favour Robert vainly sought to win by allowing
Arnulf, the imprisoned archbishop, to return to his see of
Reims and forcing Gerbert to flee to the court of the emperor
Otto III., excommunicated the king, and a council at Rome
imposed a seven years' penance upon him. For Eve years
the king braved all anathemas, but about 1002 he gave up
Bertha and married Constance, daughter of a certain Count
William, an intriguing and ambitious woman, who made life
miserable for her husband, while the court was disturbed by
quarrels between the partisans of the two queens. Still
attached to Bertha, Robert took this lady with him to Rome
in 1010, but the pope refused to recognize their marriage, and
the king was forced to return to Constance. By this wife
Robert had four sons, and in 1017, the eldest of these, Hugh,
(1007-102 5), was crowned as his father's colleague and successor.
After Hugh's death the king procured the Coronation of his
second son, Henry, duke of Burgundy, afterwards king of
France, a proceeding which displeased Constance, who wished
her third son, Robert (d. 1075), afterwards duke of Burgundy,
to receive the crown. Robert's concluding days were troubled
by a rising on the part of these two sons, and after a short war,
in which he was worsted, the king died at Melun on the 20th
of July 1031. The notable gain to France during this reign
was the duchy of Burgundy, which Robert claimed on the
death of his uncle, Duke Henry, in 1001. The other claimant,
however, Otto William, count of upper Burgundy, or Franche
Comté, offered so stubborn a resistance that it was not until
1015 that the king secured the duchy, which he gave as an
apanage to his son Henry. Nevertheless, Robert himself kept
a close oversight over its government, and this was one reason
which led to the revolt of his sons in 1030. Owing to family
quarrels, he could not prevent the kingdom of Burgundy, or
Arles, from passing into the hands of the emperor Conrad II.,
and no serious results' followed his interference in Flanders
or in Lorraine. Robert added to the royal domains, and was
greatly aided by the support of Richard II. and Richard III.,
dukes of Normandy, the latter of whom was his son-in-law.
His life was written by his chaplain, Helgaud, and this panegyric,
Epitoma vitae Roberti regis, is published by j. P. Migne in the
Ratrologia Latina, tome cxli. (Paris, 1844). See also C. Pfister,
Etudes sur le régne de Robert le Pieux (Paris, 1885); and E. Lavisse,
Histoire de France, tome ii. (Paris, 1901).
ROBERT (1275-1343), king of Naples, was the son of Charles
II., duke of Anjou and king of Naples, and in his youth took
part in several expeditions to Sicily with the object of wresting
the island from Frederick III. of Aragon. But his efforts,
like those of his father and grandfather, proved fruitless, and
the Angevins were compelled at last to agree to the peace of
Caltabellotta (1302). On the death of Charles in 1309 Robert
succeeded to the throne, although his nephew Caroberto (Carlo
Roberto), son of his elder brother Charles Martel, who had
died before his father, had a prior claim. He was crowned by
Pope Clement V. at Avignon, and on the descent into Italy
of the emperor Henry VII. was appointed papal vicar in
Romagna to resist the imperialists; thenceforth he became
the recognized leader of the Guelphs or papal faction in Italy
and took part in all the wars against the Ghibellines. On various
occasions he obtained for himself or his sons the suzerainty
over Rome, Florence, and other cities, and was regarded as
the most powerful Italian prince of his day. Pope John XXII.
created him papal vicar in Italy against the emperor Louis
the Bavarian. In 1320 Robert summoned his kinsman Philip V.
of France to Italy, and he waged war against Sicily once more
from 1325 to 1341, but failed to drive out the Aragonese. He
died in 1343, just as he was about to lead another expedition
to the island. Robert was a man of learning, devoted to
