scheme of national unity, the natural outcome of the history of Rome and of Italy, impossible of accomplishment under the rule of the popes, was finally achieved by the monarchy of Savoy, which, as the representative and personification of Italian interests, abolished the temporal power of the papacy and made Rome the seat of government of the united country (see Italy).
Authorities.—The history of the commune of Rome in the middle ages has to be collected from the scattered materials in special treatises, or from the general histories of the papacy. The greater part of the facts are to be found in the Liber Pontificalis, edited by the Abbé Duchesne (2 vols., Paris, 1886–92), and in the excellent histories of Rome by Felix Papencordt and Gregorovius (see below). Vitale, Storia diplomatica de' Senatori di Roma (2 vols., Rome, 1791); Galletti, Del primicerio della Santa Seda Apostolica e di altri ufficiali maggiori del sagro palazzo Lateranense (Rome, 1776); Vendettini, Del Senato Romano (Rome, 1782); Baronius, Annales Ecclesiastici, continued by Raynaldus (42 vols. fol., 1738–56), and the recent continuations of Theiner relating to the years 1572–85; J. Ficker, Forschungen zur Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte Italiens (4 vols., Innsbruck, 1868–74); Savigny, Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter (frequently reprinted and translated into all the principal languages); Leo, Entwickelung der Verfassung der lombardischen Städte (Hamburg, 1824); M. A. von Bethmann-Hollweg, Ursprung der lombardischen Städtefreiheit (Anhang: Schicksale der römischen Stadtverfassung im Exarchat und in Rom) (Bonn, 1846); Hegel, Geschichte der Städteverfassung von Italien (Leipzig, 1847); Giesebrecht, “Ueber die städtischen Verhältnisse im X. Jahrhundert,” at end of vol. i. of Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit (Brunswick, 1863); “Studi e documenti di Storia e Diritto,” in Annuario di Conferenze storico-giuridiche (Rome, 1880 seq.); Archivio della Reale Società Romana di Storia Patria (the other publications of the same society, as, e.g. the Regesto di Farfa, may also be consulted with advantage); F. Papencordt, Geschichte der Stadt Rom (Paderborn, 1857); Id. Cola di Rienzo (Hamburg, 1841); Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom (8 vols., Stuttgart, finished in 1872; 3rd ed., Stuttgart, 1875–81); A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom (3 vols., Berlin, 1867–68).
Among more recent works see especially M. Creighton, History of the Papacy (London, 1897); L. Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (Freiburg i/B., 1886, &c.), a learned work, but written in an extremely clerical spirit; more impartial, although written by a Jesuit, is P. H. Grisar’s Storia di Roma e dei Papi nel Medio Evo (Italian edition, Rome, 1899, &c., not yet completed). For the history of the republic in 1849 accounts will be found in all the histories of the Italian Risorgimento (see under Italy). A very important and complete work on the events of Rome in 1848–49 is G. Trevelyan’s Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic (London, 1907), which contains a full bibliography. (P. V.)
ROME, a province of modern Italy, co-extensive with the
compartimento of Lazio, but really covering a considerably
larger area than the ancient Latium, even including Latium
adjectum. On the S.E. and E. alone it does not extend so
far, the boundary being that between the former papal states
and the kingdom of Naples, running from a point S.E. of Terracina
along the eastern edge of the Volscian mountains to
Ceprano, and thence along the Liris valley. It then runs
N.E. through the mountains to Carsoli, being conterminous
with the Abruzzi; it then includes part of the ancient Sabine
country, reaching the Tiber near the railway station of Fara
Sabina, 25 m. N. of Rome. It follows the river for some distance,
where it is conterminous with Umbria, and then runs
S.W. to the coast, where it is conterminous with the province
of Grosseto (Tuscany), thus including a considerable portion
of the ancient Etruria. The resident population in 1901 was
estimated at 1,196,909 (including Rome itself, 520,196), and
the floating population, Italian and foreign, 54,383. In 1907
the total number was calculated at 1,278,000. In 1871 the
aggregate population was only 836,704. Emigration rose from
2222 in 1896 to 18,507 in 1906, there being a great rise in 1905,
as over all Italy. The economic crisis in the United States in
1907, led, however, to a set-back, many emigrants being obliged
to return to Italy for lack of work. Alum is extracted from
the mines principally near Tolfa. At Filettino above Subiaco
asphaltic rock is obtained, and salt from a rocksalt mine near
Corneto Tarquinia. Chemical fertilizers are manufactured by
several firms. The main industries of the district are, however,
agricultural (see Latium).
ROME, a city and the county-seat of Floyd county, in the N.W. part of Georgia, U.S.A., at the junction of the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers, which here form the Coosa. Pop. (1900) 7291, of whom 2830 were negroes; (1910) 12,099. It is served by the Central of Georgia, the Western & Atlantic (leased by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St Louis), the Southern and the Rome & Northern railways, and the Coosa river is navigable from this point to the falls of the river in Alabama. The city is the seat of Shorter College (for women), which was established in 1873 as the Cherokee Female College, and received its present name in 1877, when it was rebuilt and endowed by Colonel Alfred Shorter; and of the Berry Industrial School (1902), for mountain boys. Rome is situated in a rich agricultural region producing cotton, cereals, vegetables and fruits, for which it is a trading centre, and is a shipping point for bauxite, mined in the vicinity. Other mineral products of this region are iron, limestone, cement rock, fire-brick clay, coal, slate and marble. Rome’s principal manufactures are cotton, cotton-seed oil, lumber, foundry and machine-shop products, bricks and agricultural implements. Its site was originally within the territory of the Cherokee, and on the other side of the Oostanaula river there is said to have been at one time an Indian village, which, like several other Creek villages, was called Chiaha (or Chehaw). Here, in October 1793, in his Etowah campaign, John Sevier, with militia from Tennessee, crushed a party of marauding Indians; the battle is commemorated by a monument in Myrtle Hill cemetery. Floyd county was erected in 1833. The first settlement of Rome was made in 1834, and immediately afterwards it became the county-seat. Rome was first chartered as a city in 1847. In 1863 there were brilliant cavalry manœuvres in its vicinity, which resulted in the capture (May 3) of Colonel Abel D. Streight (Federal) with 1800 men by General Nathan B. Forrest (Confederate), with a force one-third the size of that of his opponent. On the 19th of May 1864 the city was captured by a detachment of the Federal Army of General William T. Sherman, then conducting his Atlanta campaign. In 1848–75 Rome was the home of Charles Henry Smith (1826–1903), a popular humorist, who wrote under the name “Bill Arp.” In 1906 East Rome (pop. 671 in 1900) and North Rome (pop. 960 in 1900), which was formerly called Forestville, were annexed to the city.
ROME, a city of Oneida county, New York, U.S.A., on the Mohawk river and Wood Creek, and the Erie and the Black river canals, 14 m. W.N.W. of Utica. Pop. (1890) 14,991; (1900) 15,343, of whom 2527 were foreign-born; (1910, census) 20,497. Rome is served by the New York Central & Hudson River, the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg (controlled by the New York Central), the New York, Ontario & Western, and the Utica & Mohawk Valley (electric) railways. It is about 450 ft. above sea-level. The city is the seat of the Academy of the Holy Names (opened in 1865 as St Peter’s Academy), of the State Custodial Asylum for unteachable idiots, of the Central New York Institution for Deaf Mutes (1875), and of the Oneida County Home. The Jervis Public Library (1895), founded by John Bloomfield Jervis (1795–1885), a famous railway engineer, had in 1909 about 15,000 volumes. The surrounding country is devoted largely to farming, especially vegetable gardening, and to dairying. Among the manufactures are brass and copper work, wire for electrical uses, foundry and machine-shop products, locomotives, knit goods, tin cans and canned goods (especially vegetables). In 1905 the value of the factory products was $8,631,427 (55.6% more than in 1900).
The portage at this place between the Mohawk river and Wood Creek, which are about 1 m. apart, gave the site its Indian name, De-o-wain-sta, “place where canoes are carried from one stream to another,” and its earliest English name, “The Great (or Oneida) Carrying-Place,” and gave it strategic value as a key between the Mohawk Valley and Lake Ontario. About 1725 there were built, to protect the carrying-place here, Fort Bull, on Wood Creek, which was surprised and taken by French and Indians in March 1756, and Fort Williams, on the Mohawk, which, like Fort Craven, also on the Mohawk, was destroyed by Colonel Daniel Webb after the reduction of Oswego by the French
