see G. F. Herbert Smith, Mineralog. Mag., 1908, 15, p. 153; and J. Boyer, La Synthèse des pierres précieuses (Paris, 1909). (F. W. R.*)
RUBY MINES, a district in the Mandalay division of Upper
Burma, lying along the Irrawaddy river between the Bhamo
district on the N., the Shan States on the E., Mandalay district
on the S. and Katha on the W. Including the Shan state of
Mongmit, which is temporarily administered as part of the
district, the total area is 5476 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 87,694. The
district geographically forms part of the Shan plateau, and is
to a great extent a mass of hills with a general N. and S. direction.
It contains considerable numbers of Kachins (13,300)
and Palaungs (16,400). The annual rainfall at Mogok averages
98 in. The administrative headquarters are at Mogok, which
is also the centre of the ruby-mining industry. It stands in
the centre of a valley 4000 ft. above sea-level, and is reached
by a cart-road from Thabeikkyin, 61 m. distant, on the Irrawaddy.
The Ruby Mines Company employs about 44 Europeans
and Eurasians in its works, which are 'situated at the
north end of the town. The company has constructed a dam
across the Yeni stream and set up an electric installation of
about 450 horse-power, which works pumps and the washing
machinery. The mines were worked under Burmese rule, but
were discontinued on account of the small profit. Now they
seem to be established on a sound financial basis. The system
adopted is to excavate large open pits, from which the ruby earth
or byon is removed en masse and washed and crushed
by machinery. Spinels and sapphires are found with the
rubies. In 1904, the produce of rubies alone was 200,000
carats, valued at £80,000, most of which were sent to London
for sale. In addition, some mining is carried on by natives,
working under a licence which does not permit the use of
machinery. The district contains 994 sq. m. of reserved forests.
RÜCKERT, JOHANN MICHAEL FRIEDRICH (1788-1866), German poet, was born at Schweinfurt on the 16th of May 1788, the eldest son of a lawyer. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native place and at the universities of Würzburg and Heidelberg. For some time (1816-17) he worked on the editorial staff of the Morgenblatt at Stuttgart. Nearly the whole of the year 1818 he spent in Rome, and afterwards he lived for several years at Coburg. He was appointed a
professor of Oriental languages at the university of Erlangen in
1826, and in 1841 he was called to a similar position in Berlin,
where he was also made a privy councillor. In 1849 he resigned
his professorship at Berlin, and Went to live on his estate Neuses
near Coburg. He died on the 31st of January 1866. When
Rtickert began his literary career, Germany was engaged in
her life-and-death struggle with Napoleon; and in his first
volume, Deutsche Gedichte, published in 1814 under the
pseudonym “ Freimund Raimar, " he gave, particularly in
the powerful “Geharnischte Sonette, " vigorous expression to the
prevailing sentiment of his countrymen. In 1815-18 appeared
Napoleon, eine politische Komddie in drei Sliic/zen (only two
parts were published), and in 1817 Der Kranz der Zeit. He
issued a collection of poems, Ostliche Rosen, in 1822; and in
1834-38 his Gesammelte Gedichte were published in six volumes,
a selection from which has passed through many editions.
Riickert, who was master of thirty languages, made his mark
chiefly as a translator of Oriental poetry and as a writer of
poems conceived in the spirit of Oriental masters. Much
attention was attracted by a translation of Hariri's M akamen
(1826), Nal and Damajanti, an Indian tale (1828), Rostern und
Suhrab, eine fieldengeschichte (1838), and Hamasa, oder die
altesten arabischen Volkslieder (1846). Among his original
writings dealing with Oriental subjects are Morgenliindische
Sagen und Geschichten (1837), Erbauliches und Beschauliches
aus dem M orgenland (1836-38), and Brahmanische Erzdhlungen
(1839). The most elaborate of his works is Die Weisheit des
Brahmanen, published in six volumes in 1836-39. This last
and the Liebesfrithling (1844), a cycle of love-songs, are the
best known of all Riickertfs productions. In 1843-45 he issued
the dramas Saul und Da:/1191 (1843). Herodes der Grosse (1844),
Kaiser Heinrich IV. (1845) and Christofero Colombo (1845), all
of which are greatly inferior to the work to which he owes his
place in German literature. At the time of the Danish war
in 1864 he wrote Ein Dutzend Karnpjlieder fair Schleswig-Holstein,
which, - although published anonymously, produced
a considerable impression. After his death many poetical
translations and original poems were found among his papers,
and several collections of them were published. Riickert
had a splendour of imagination which made Oriental poetry
congenial to him, and he has seldom been surpassed in rhythmic
skill and metrical ingenuity. There are hardly any lyrical
forms which are not represented among his works, and in all
of them he Wrote with equal ease and grace.
A complete edition of Riickert's poetical works appeared in I2 vols. in 1868-69. Subsequent editions have been edited by L. Laistner (1896), C. Beyer (1896), G. Ellinger (1897). See B. Fortlage, F. Riickert und seine Werke (1867); C. Beyer, Friedrich Riickert, ein biographisches Denkrnal (1868), Neue Mitteilungen iiber Riickert (1373), and Nachgelassene Gedichte Riickerts und neue Beitrage zu dessen Leben und Schriften (1877); R. Boxberger, Rilckert-Studien (1878); P. de Lagarde, Erinnerungen an F. Rilckert (1886); F. Muncker, Friedrich Riickert (1890); G. Voigt, Riickerts Gedankenlyrik (1891).
RUDAGI (d. 954). Farid-eddin Mahommed 'Abdallah, the
first great literary genius of modern Persia, was born in Rildag,
a village in Transoxiana, about 870-900. Most of his biographers
assert that he was totally blind, but the accurate knowledge
of colours shown in his poems makes this very doubtful. The
fame of his accomplishments reached the ear of the Samanid
Nasr II. bin Ahmad, the ruler of Khorasan and Transoxiana
(913-42), who invited the poet to his court. Rudagi became
his daily companion, rose to the highest honours and amassed
great wealth. In spite of various predecessors, he well deserves
the title of “father of Persian literature, ” “the Adam or
Su.ltan of poets, ” since he was the first who impressed upon
every form of epic, lyric and didactic poetry its peculiar stamp
and its individual character. He is also said to have been
the founder of the “ diwan ”~that is, the typical form of the
complete collection of a poet's lyrical compositions in a more
or less alphabetical order which prevails to the present day
among all Mahommedan writers. Of the 1,300,000 verses
attributed to him, there remain only 52 kasidas, ghazals
and ruba'is; of his epic masterpieces We have nothing beyond
a few stray lines in native dictionaries. But the most serious
loss is that of his translation of Ibn Mokaffa's Arabic version
of the old Indian fable book Kalilah and Dirnnah, which he put
into Persian verse at the request of his royal patron. Numerous
fragments, however, are preserved in the Persian lexicon of
Asadi of Tus (ed. P. Horn, Gottingen, 1897). In his kasidas,
all devoted to the praise of his sovereign and friend,
Rudagi has left us unequalled models of a refined and delicate
taste, very different from the often bombastic compositions
of later Persian encomiasts. His didactic odes and epigrams
express in well-measured lines a sort of Epicurean philosophy
of human life and human happiness; more charming still are
the purely lyrical pieces in glorification of love and wine.
Rudagi survived his royal friend, and died poor and forgotten
by the world.
There is a complete edition of all the extant poems of Rudagi, in Persian text and metrical German translation, together with a biographical account, based on forty-six Persian MSS., in Dr H. Ethé's “' Rfidagi der S§ .manidendichter" (Géttinger Nachrichten, 1873, pp. 663-742); see also his “ Neupersische Literatur" in Geiger's Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (ii.); P. Horn, Gesch. der persisehen Literatur (1901), p. 73; E. G. Browne, Literary History of Persia, i. (1902); C. J. Pickering, “A Persian Chaucer" in National Review (May 1890).
RUDD, or Red-Eye (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus), a fish of
the Cyprinid family, spread over Europe, N. and S. of the Alps,
also found in Asia Minor, and common in localities where there
are still waters with muddy bottom. The rudd and the roach
are very similar and frequently confused by anglers; the
former differs principally in the more posterior dorsal fin,
which is situated exactly opposite the space between the ventral
and anal fins. It is a fine fish, but little esteemed for food,
