pedestals to the table and creating a single piece of furniture out of three components there is nothing to show with certainty. It is most probable that the credit is due to Shearer, who unquestionably did much for the improvement of the sideboard; Hepplewhite and the brothers Adam distinguished themselves in the same field. The pedestals, when incorporated as an integral part of the piece, became cupboards and the vases knife-boxes, and, with the drawers, which had been occasionally used much earlier, the sideboard, in what appears to be its final form, was completed. Pieces exist in which the ends have been cut away to receive the pedestals. If Shearer and Hepplewhite laid its foundations, it was brought to its full floraison by Sheraton. By the use of fine exotic woods, the deft employment of satin wood and other inlays, and by the addition of gracefully ornamented brass-work at the back, sometimes surmounted by candles to light up the silver, Sheraton produced effects of great elegance. But for sheer artistic excellence in the components of what presently became the sideboard, the Adams stand unrivalled, some of their inlay and brass mounts being almost equal to the first work of the great French school. By replacing the straight outline with a bombe front, Hepplewhite added still further to the grace of the late 18th-century sideboard. No art remains long at its apogee, and in less than a quarter of a century the sideboard lost its grace, and, influenced by the heavy feeling of the Empire manner, grew massive and dull. Since the end of the 18th century there has indeed been no advance, artistically speaking, in this piece of furniture.
SIDGWICK, HENRY (1838–1900), English philosopher, was
born at Skipton in Yorkshire, where his father, the Rev. W.
Sidgwick (d. 1841), was headmaster of the grammar-school, on
the 31st of May 1838. He was educated at Rugby (where his
cousin, subsequently his brother-in-law, E. W. Benson—afterwards
archbishop)—was a master), and at Trinity, Cambridge,
where his career was a brilliant one. In 1859 he was senior
classic, 33rd wrangler, chancellor's medallist and Craven scholar.
In the same year he was elected to a fellowship at Trinity, and
soon afterwards appointed to a classical lectureship there. This
post he held for ten years, but in 1869 exchanged his lectureship
for one in moral philosophy, a subject to which he had been turning
his attention more and more. In the same year, finding that
he could no longer declare himself a member of the Church of
England, he resigned his fellowship. He retained his lectureship,
and in 1881 was elected an honorary fellow. In 1874 he published
his Method of Ethics (6th ed. 1901, containing emendations written
just before his death), which first won him a reputation outside
his university. In 1875 he was appointed praelector on moral and
political philosophy at Trinity, in 1883 he was elected Knightsbridge
professor of moral philosophy, and in 1885, the religious
test having been removed, his college once more elected him to a
fellowship on the foundation. Besides his lecturing and literary
labours, Sidgwick took an active part in the business of the
university, and in many forms of social and philanthropic work.
He was a member of the General Board of Studies from its
foundation in 1882 till 1899; he was also a member of the Council
of the Senate of the Indian Civil Service Board and the Local
Examinations and Lectures Syndicate, and chairman of the
Special Board for Moral Science. He was one of the founders and
first president of the Society for Psychical Research, and was a
member of the Metaphysical Society. None of his work is more
closely identified with his name than the part he took in promoting
the higher education of women. He helped to start the
higher local examinations for women, and the lectures held at
Cambridge in preparation for these. It was at his suggestion and
with his help that Miss Clough opened a house of residence for
students; and when this had developed into Newnham College,
and in 1880 the North Hall was added, Mr Sidgwick, who had
in 1876 married Eleanor Mildred Balfour (sister of A. J. Balfour),
went with his wife to live there for two years. After Miss Clough's
death in 1892 Mrs Sidgwick became principal of the college,
and she and her husband resided there for the rest of his life.
During this whole period Sidgwick took the deepest interest in
the welfare of the college. In politics he was a Liberal, and
became a Liberal Unionist in 1886. Early in 1900 he was forced
by ill-health to resign his professorship, and he died on the
28th of August of the same year.
Though in many ways an excellent teacher he was primarily a student, and treated his pupils as fellow-learners. He was deeply interested in psychical phenomena, but his energies were primarily devoted to the study of religion and philosophy. Brought up in the Church of England, he gradually drifted from orthodox Christianity, and as early as 1862 he described himself as a theist. For the rest of his life, though he regarded Christianity as " indispensable and irreplaceable—looking at it from a sociological point of view," he found himself unable to return to it as a religion. In political economy he was a Utilitarian on the lines of Mill and Bentham; his work was the careful investigation of first principles and the investigation of ambiguities rather than constructive. In philosophy he devoted himself to ethics, and especially to the examination of the ultimate intuitive principles of conduct and the problem of free will. He gave up the psychological hedonism of Mill, and adopted instead a position which may be described as ethical hedonism, according to which the criterion of goodness in any given action is that it produces the greatest possible amount of pleasure. This hedonism, however, is not confined to the self (egoistic), but involves a due regard to the pleasure of others, and is, therefore, distinguished further as universalistic. Lastly, Sedgwick returns to the principle that no man should act so as to destroy his own happiness, and leaves us with a somewhat unsatisfactory dualism.
His chief works are Principles of Political Economy (1883, 3rd ed. 1901); Scope and Method of Economic Science (1885); Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886, 5th ed. 1902), enlarged from his article Ethics in the Encyclopaedia Britannica; Elements of Politics (1891, 2nd ed. 1897), an attempt to supply an adequate treatise on the subject starting from the old lines of Bentham and Mill. The following were published posthumously: Philosophy; its Scope and Relations (1902); Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr Herbert Spencer and J. Martineau (1902); The Development of European Polity (1903); Miscellaneous Essays and Addresses (1904); Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant (1905).
His younger brother, Arthur Sidgwick, had a brilliant school and university career, being second classic at Cambridge in 1863 and becoming fellow of Trinity; but he devoted himself thenceforth mainly to work as a teacher. After being for many years a master at Rugby, he became in 1882 fellow and tutor of Corpus, Oxford; and from 1894 to 1906 was Reader in Greek in the university. He published a number of admirable classical schoolbooks, including Greek Prose (1876) and Greek Verse (1882), and texts (Virgil, 1890; Aeschylus, 1880–1903), and was well known as a consummate classical scholar, remarkable for literary taste and general culture. In the college life of Corpus he took the deepest interest and had the most stimulating influence; and he also played an active part in social and political movements from an advanced Liberal point of view.
A Memoir of Henry Sidgwick, written by his brother with the collaboration of his widow, was published in 1906.
SIDI-BEL-ABBES, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Oran, Algeria, 48 m. by rail S. of Oran, 1552 ft above the sea, on the right bank of the Mekerra. Pop. (1906) of the town, 24,494 (of whom three-fourths are French or Spaniards) ; of the commune, 29,088; of the arrondissement, which includes 17 communes, 98,309. The town, which occupies an important strategic position in the plain dominated by the escarpments of Mount Tessala, has barrack accommodation for 6000 troops, and is the headquarters of the 1er régiment étranger, one of the two regiments known as the Foreign Legion. It is encircled by a crenellated and bastioned wall with a fosse, and has four gates, named after Oran, Daia, Mascara and Tlemçen respectively. Starting from the gates, two broad streets, shaded by plane trees, traverse the town east to west and north to south, the latter dividing the civil from the military quarters. There are numerous fountains fed by the Mekerra. Sidi-bel-Abbes is also an important agricultural centre, wheat, tobacco and alfa being the chief articles of trade. There are numerous vineyards and olive-
