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are the most convenient. The tops should be covered with 1/2 in. of soil, and about half an inch left for water. The soil should be a light and fairly rich compost, comprising about 2 parts loam, 1 part decayed manure or horse droppings that have been thoroughly sweetened, 1 part leaf mould and half a part of sand. Pot firmly, and plunge the pots in several inches of ashes out of doors, to protect the bulbs from frost. As soon as growth commences at the top and a fair amount of roots are formed they may be introduced into gentle heat, in batches according to the need and the amount of stock available. For market a slightly different method is adopted. The bulbs are placed in long shallow boxes, plunged in soil or ashes in the open air, and are later introduced as required into heat in semi-darkness, and are afterwards transferred to benches in the forcing houses where they flower. Bulbs which have been forced are of no further value for that particular purpose. If planted in borders and shrubberies, however, they will continue to bear fairly good blossoms in the open air for several seasons.

Varieties.—The following varieties are among the most useful for bedding and pot culture.

Early Single Flowering Kinds:—

Name.	Colour.	Height.
Duc van Thol	Various	06 in.
Adelaine	Rose Carmine	07 in.„
Artus	Dark Scarlet	08 in.„
Bacchus	Dark Crimson	07 in.„
Belle Alliance	Crimson Scarlet	08 in.„
Canary Bird	Yellow	10–12
Chrysolora	Yellow	09 in.„
Cottage Maid	Pink and White	12 in.„
Duchess de Parma	Orange Crimson	10 in.„
Gold Finch	Golden Yellow	12 in.„
Joost van Vondel	Crimson, flaked White	09 in.„
Keisers Kroon	Scarlet and Yellow, superb flower	10 in.„
La Reine	White (when forced) and Pink	09 in.„
Lac van Rhijn	Rosy Violet	09 in.„
Ophir d'Or	Golden Yellow	08 in.„
Pottebakker	Scarlet, White, Yellow vars.	12 in.„
Primrose Queen	Primrose	09 in.„
Proserpine	Rosy Carmine, superb flower	09 in.„
Rose Gris de lin	White and Pink	09 in.„
Thomas Moore	Terra-cotta	09 in.„
White Hawk	Pure White	10 in.„
Yellow Prince	Yellow	08 in.„

Early Double Flowering Kinds:—

Name.	Colour.	Height.
Duc van Thol	Red, edged Yellow	6. in.
Alba Maxima	Pure White	9 in.„
Couronne d'Or	Yellow and Orange	9 in.„
Gloria Solis	Orange Crimson	9 in.„
Imperator rubrorum	Crimson Scarlet	9 in.„
La Candeur	Pure White	9 in.„
Leonardo da Vinci	Crimson and Gold	8 in.„
Tournesol	Scarlet and Yellow	8 in.„

Late Single Flowering Kinds:—

These are tall-growing hardy kinds, suitable for herbaceous borders where they can be left undisturbed. With them may be associated what are now popularly known as “Darwin” tulips, beautiful long-stemmed kinds with self colours, and the “Cottage” or “May-flowering” tulips, all easily grown in ordinary garden soil.

Name.	Colour.	Name.	Colour.
Bouton d'Or	Golden Yellow.	Gesneriana	Bright Scarlet.
Caledonia	Orange Scarlet.	Gesneriana lutea	Yellow.
Columbus	Yellow and Vermillion.
		Picotee	White, edged Pink.
Fulgens	Violet Crimson.	The Fawn	Dove Colour.

Parrot Tulips.—This late flowering group is supposed to be derived from the curious green and yellow striped T. viridiflora. The flowers are mostly heavy and drooping, petals brightly coloured, the edges being curiously notched and waved.

Name.	Colour.	Name.	Colour.
Rubra Major	Dark Red.	Lutea Major	Yellow, Crimson and Green.
Mark Graaf	Yellow, striped Scarlet.	Monstre Rouge	Crimson.
Perfecta	Yellow, Scarlet and Green.

TULIP-TREE, Liriodendron tulipifera (Nat. Ord. Magnoliaceae), a North American tree of great beauty, with peculiarly four-lobed, truncate leaves and solitary tulip-like sweet-scented flowers, variegated with green, yellow and orange. It is hardy in England, but while young it requires protection from cold, cutting winds. In habit it resembles a somewhat stiff-growing plane tree, and becomes fully as large. It does not flourish in the atmosphere of towns. It thrives best in deep sandy loam, and is propagated by seeds.

TULL, JETHRO (1674–1741), English agricultural writer and farmer, was born at Basildon, Berkshire, in 1674, probably in March. He entered St John's College, Oxford, in 1691, and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1699 but never practised. In that year he married and began farming on his father's land at Howberry, near Wallingford, and here about 1701 he invented and perfected his machine drill and began experiments in his new system of sowing in drills or rows sufficiently wide apart to allow for tillage by plough and hoe during almost the whole period of growth. In 1709 he moved to a farm near Hungerford and from 1711 to 1714 travelled in France and Italy, making careful observations of the methods of agriculture in those countries which aided and confirmed his theories as to the true use of manure and the importance of “pulverizing” the soil. He did not publish any account of his agricultural experiments or theories until 1731, when his Horse-hoeing Husbandry appeared. This was followed by The Horse-hoeing Husbandry, or an Essay on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation, by J. T., in 1733. He was attacked in the agricultural periodical The Practical Husbandman and Farmer and accused of plagiarizing from such earlier writers as Sir A. Fitzherbert, Sir Hugh Plat (1552–1611?), Gabriel Plattes (fl. 1638) and John Worlidge (fl. 1669–1698). Tull answered in various smaller works forming additions to his main work. He died on the 21st of February 1741.

Many editions of his Horse-hoeing Husbandry were published subsequently, and in 1822 William Cobbett edited it. It was translated into French, notably by H. L. Duhamel Dumonceau (1700–1782), the naturalist and agriculturalist, in 1753–1757 (see Agriculture).

TULLAMORE, a market town and the county town of King's County, Ireland, on the Grand Canal and a branch of the Great Southern & Western railway, by which it is 58 m. W. by S. of Dublin. Pop. (1901), 4639. The town is the seat of the county assizes, has a court house and other county buildings, and is governed by an urban district council. There is considerable trade in agricultural produce, and brewing and distilling are carried on. Charleville park is a fine demesne, and there are several small ruined castles in the neighbourhood, notably Shragh Castle, dating from 1588.

TULLE, a town of central France, capital of the department of Corrèze, 58 m. S.S.E. of Limoges by rail. Pop. (1906), of the town, 11,741; of the commune, 17,245. The town extends along the narrow valley of the Corrèze, its streets here and there ascending the hill-slopes on either side by means of stairways. Tulle is the seat of a bishop. Of its 12th-century cathedral, once attached to an abbey, only the porch and nave remain, the choir and transept having been destroyed in 1793, but there is a tower of the 13th century with a fine stone steeple of the 14th century. The neighbouring cloister (12th and 13th century) has been restored. The abbot's house (15th century) has a carved doorway and well-preserved windows. Other curious old houses are to be seen in the vicinity of the cathedral. The prefecture of Tulle is a sumptuous building of 1869 surrounded by gardens. The town has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a lycée for boys, training colleges for both sexes, a chamber of commerce and a branch of the Bank of France. Its principal industry is the manufacture of small-arms, established in 1690, and now carried on by the state under the direction of the artillery authorities. At its busiest times the factory has employed 3000 hands. The well-known cascades of Gimel formed by the Montane are near Tulle.

Tulle (Tutela) owed its importance in the middle ages to the abbey of St Martin, founded in the 7th or 8th century. The