books by Dechelette, Manuel d'archeologie prehistorique, celtique et gallo-romaine, Paris, 1910-13 and Sollas, Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives.
The Magdalenian phase of culture in western Europe was succeeded by the Neolithic, a momentous event, which was heraldfed by the arrival in different parts of Europe of a variety of races: (a) an advance wave of the Mediterranean race which was soon to introduce the distinctive elements of the Neolithic culture, but at first introduced the Azilian-Tardenoisian in- dustry into Spain and France; (6) another offshoot of the Mediterranean race that made its way to Qfnet in Eastern Bavaria; (c) a race possibly of Nordic affinities that appeared on the coasts of the Baltic, but is known only by the Maglemose in- dustry; and (d) a broad-headed advance guard of the so-called Alpine or Armenoid race (distinguished as Furfooz-Grenelle) found along with the dolichocephalic people at Ofnet and also in Belgium.
The coming of the Neolithic people into western Europe marks the advent there of people who brought the rudiments of the great world civilization that was being built up in the Ancient East. For the cultivation of barley and wheat, the making of pottery, the weaving of linen and several other distinctive fea- tures of the Neolithic phase of culture are clearly instances of customs which had their origin in Egypt or its neighbourhood at a time when western Europe was still in the so-called " Upper Palaeolithic " phase. Towards the end of the Neolithic phase in the W., when megalithic monuments make their appearance as crude imitation of the stonework of the Pyramid Age in Egypt (" The Evolution of the Rock-Cut Tomb and the Dol- men," Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway, 1913), we get even more definite indications of the source and date of the cultural inspiration to build such peculiar and distinctive structures; and the close identity of their geographical distribu- tion with those of the ancient exploitation of flint, gold, copper, tin, pearls, jet, amber and purple indicates clearly enough the motives that attracted the culture-bearers to certain locah'ties and made them foci of new developments of culture (W. J. Perry). It is important to remember that in the home of their invention the working of gold and copper preceded the building of stone monuments by some centuries; but as prospectors searched for gold and copper ores they invaded territories and obtained these materials from them long before the metals themselves were worked or used locally, i.e. while the latter still remained in the stone phase of culture. These are very cogent reasons for the belief that the working of copper first began in Upper Egypt or Nubia (Reisner, quoted by Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyptians, chap.i;see also Man, Feb. 1916, p. 26) and from there spread to Palestine and Syria, to Elam and Asia Minor, Cyprus and the Aegean. It is probable that the making of bronze was first de- vised early in the third millennium in the neighbourhood of the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, perhaps near Meshed, and from there the practice spread W. and S., and later E., until not only western Asia and Europe passed into a Bronze Age, but also eastern Asia and Central and S. America.
The Talgai and Wadjak Skulls. At the meeting of the British Association in Sydney in 1914 Profs. J. T. Wilson and T. W. Edgeworth David exhibited the fossilized skull of a boy of about fifteen years of age, which had been picked up thirty years before in Queensland. A full account of this skull was published in 1918 (Stewart Arthur Smith, " The Fossil Human Skull found at Talgai, Queensland," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B, vol. ccviii.). The interest of this earliest Australian skull lies in the fact that it conforms so closely to the type of the existing aboriginal Australian, its only peculiarity being the exceptional size of the palate and teeth, and especially of the large and salient canine teeth. The discovery of fossilized dog's teeth in the cave breccias of New South Wales and Victoria go to prove that early man accompanied by his dogs must have ferried across Wallace's line to make his way into New Guinea and Australia.
The publication of the account of this proto-Australian skull stimulated Prof. Eugen Dubois to announce the information
that thirty years earlier he had found fossilized remains of members of the same race at Wadjak in Java (" De proto- Australische fossiele Mensch van Wadjak, Java," Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Deel, xxix., May 29 1920).
Boskop Skull. About the same tune that the discovery of the Talgai skull was announced in Australia the discovery was recorded of a very different type of fossilized skull from Boskop in the Transvaal (S. H. Haughton, " Preliminary Note on the Ancient Skull Remains from the Transvaal," Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, vol. vi., 1917). The fossils consist of part of the brain case and jaw of a type of man differ- ing profoundly from the earliest known inhabitants of S. Africa, the Bushman and the Hottentot. They represent the remains of a variety of Homo sapiens in some respects akin to the Cro- Magnon race, the earliest type of Homo sapiens known in Europe.
Oldoway Skull. In 1914 also the fossilized remains of a human skeleton were found in Central Africa (H. Reck, " Erste vor- laufige Mitteilung iiber den Fund eines fossilen Menschen- skeletts aus Zentralafrica," Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1914), but adequate informa- tion concerning this discovery is still lacking.
Early Man in America. Although it is certain that at a relatively early period in the history of Homo sapiens there must have been an immigration (by the Bering Strait route into N.W. America) of people sprung mainly from the proto- Mongolian stock, living E. of the head-waters of the Yenisei river, no remains of really early man in America have yet been discovered. The mere finding of implements of Palaeolithic types proves little, because the making of such implements has survived in the East, and the art may have been carried to America within relatively recent times. Up to 1921, the most recent discovery of human remains supposed to be early was made at Vero in Florida in 1916, but the geological evidence showed that the fossilization had occurred in post- Pleistocene times. There is, however, still great uncertainty as to the age of these remains, which do not differ in type from many modern American Indians.
The whole problem of early man in America has been explored in a severely critical spirit by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, who gives a full bibliog- raphy (" Skeletal Remains suggesting or attributed to Early Man in N. America," Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnol- ogy, Bull. 33, Washington, 1907; "Early Man in S. America," ibid., 1912; and "Recent Discoveries attributed to Early Man in America," ibid., 1918).
It is probable that the substratum of the early population of America consisted of a colony of a proto-Mongolian race mixed perhaps to some extent with proto-Armenoid elements in the original Siberian homeland. In later ages, more especially be- tween about 300 B.C. and 1000 A.D., this population in America has been very considerably diluted more especially on the Pacific coast by a steady percolation of a variety of alien elements into the N.W. coast from Asia and into Central and South America from Polynesia and Micronesia in numbers sufficient materially to affect the physical type of the people of the western littoral and differentiate them from the eastern people.
For the evidence in support of this (but with a different interpre- tation) see Clark Wissler, The American Indian (New York, 1917). Dr. Wissler's book is also an invaluable summary of the present state of our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the arts and crafts of America, and a striking demonstration of the fact that the arts of agriculture, pottery, weaving, stone-working, metallurgy, etc., were diffused abroad in America from one centre somewhere in the region of Honduras. But he stoutly denies the conclusion (which emerges so clearly from the evidence he presents) that the elements of this exotic culture were planted in Central America by small groups of immigrants who had crossed the Pacific Ocean via Poly- nesia from Cambodia and Indonesia.
Classification of Existing Races. Between 1910-20 it became increasingly clear that the generally adopted classification of mankind and of early culture was unsatisfactory, and not in full accordance with the facts that are now available. The intro- duction of the terms "Palaeolithic" and "Neolithic" by Sir
