IMPOHTS FROM
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1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
United States ... .
9,651,305
15,840,605
21,065,302
18,984,413
37,422,752
Great Britain ... . .
6,596,897
8,228,784
7,979,264
10,783,721
12,737,231
Argentina ... . :
4,786,628
5,675,425
5-791,925
10,020,245
12,032,250
France .... . .
1,486,525
2,095,378
1,785,118
2,518,993
2,967,405
Portugal .... . .
1,490,323
1,872,049
1,435,574
2,027,917
2,364,524
Italy . .
1,327,013
1,410,597
878,005
1,126,521
1,067,111
Newfoundland . . .
647,229
691,195
746,686
1,283,556
1,232,676
India .... . .
560,746
651,783
984,414
661,977
1,691,720
Norway .... . .
500,095
411,104
360,547
229,830
380,767
Germany .... . .
458,285
17,729
48,049
201,033
Uruguay .... . .
447,344
600,566
867,678
2,208,341
1,741,645
c Spain .... . .
431,883
469,222
601,252
937-184
872,483
Switzerland ... . .
318,453
512,430
349,722
407,850
415,621
Sweden .... . .
265,436
526,482
398,069
498,152
879,024
Canada ... .
245,353
268,692
236,668
222,922
253,487
Netherlands ... . .
206,807
241,562
46,397
63,093
314,190
Mexico .... . .
142,500
257,270
187,241
334,342
555,333
Denmark .... . .
'131,652
228,666
79,684
41,464
28,387
Paraguay .... .
66,690
41,684
64,604
9,727
23,838
Belgium .... .
51,777
57,959
22,191
110,132
Austria-Hungary . . . .
39,678
304
86
4,646
Japan .... .
io,759
23,321
72,321
326,226
500,624
EXPORTS TO
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
United States
22,149,556
25,831,905
28,013,136
21,287,015
54,079,947
Great Britain
6,475,698
6,493,249
7,811,815
6,168,829
9,483,666
France
6,031,852
8,899,577
8,325,754
5,564,065
27,267,743
Sweden
4,775,722
1,531,800
77,674
290,179
3,337,429
Netherlands
3,369,821
1,684,819
320,347
4,090,386
Argentina
2,692,439
3,393,699
5,707,387
9,296,626
5,836,881
Uruguay
1,796,54
2,698,549
4,685,202
6,362,338
5,708,210
Italy .
1,662,748
3,401,060
4,853,614
6,421,278
3,821,439
Norway
1,568,316
294,578
296,757
512,723
1,016,129
Denmark
1,221,285
414,134
156,863
99,546
2,386,736
Portugal
486,117
313,600
273,807
554,625
693,138
Cape Colony
379,973
440,774
612,379
478,834
577,095
Spain
3 8 , 6 75
446,859
852,745
1,332,927
2,028,899
Egypt
263,858
91,094
291,284
174,769
365,175
Greece. . . . .
203,844
4,700
37,363
438,567
Chile
147,390
151,429
150,976
186,684
337,127
Cuba
43,865
140,672
269,161
200,233
185,053
Belgium
323,434
4,740,757
Austria-Hungary
I35,4i8
444,963
Germany
23
-
701,497
Approximate figures for the year 1913 provide means of com- parison with conditions before the outbreak of the World War.
Imports from: Exports to:
Great Britain 16,450,000 8,587,500
Germany 11,747,000 9,141,000
United States 10,562,000 21,121,000
France 6,577,500 7,966,500
Argentina 5,003,000 3>57,5oo
Belgium 3,435,ooo 1,657,500
Portugal 2,950,500 327,000
Italy . . ' 2,546,500 837,500
Uruguay 1,451,000 1,064,000
Austria- Hungary .... 1,015,000 3,i3',5Oo
Newfoundland 788,500
Netherlands 728,500 4,788,500
Norway 709,500 100,000
Spain . . . ^ . . . 642,000 367,000
India 552,500
Sweden 294,500 658,000
Among the leading imports of Brazil are iron and steel manufac- tures, machinery, railway supplies, coal, kerosene, cement, cotton goods, foodstuffs, and raw materials and articles for use in the arts and industries.
The principal ports of entry are Rio de Janeiro and Santos, but Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, Porto Alegre and Rio Grande have a large and increasing foreign trade.
Shipping. The Brazilian merchant marine increased but slowly in 1910-20, except for the German steamers seized during the war. Brazilian shipping in 1911 consisted of 238 steamers of 130,582 tons net, and 290 sailing vessels with a net tonnage of 60,728. At the end of 1917 there were 405 steamers of 236,535 tons net, and 54 sailing ships representing 17,920 tons net. Brazil in that year took over all the German ships interned in her ports at the outbreak of war in 1914, a total of 45 vessels with a net tonnage of 148,255. Thirty were leased to France, the rest turned over to the Lloyd Brasileiro, which considerably expanded its foreign service, especially to the United States.
Communications. The railways of Brazil, aggregating 13,271 m. of track in 1910, had increased in 1917 to 17,159 m., with 2,223 ro- under construction and 4,697 m. projected. The states having the greatest railway mileage were Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia which together contain over 70 % of the mileage of the republic. One of the most extensive systems is the Central of Brazil, a Government-owned and operated property, connecting the federalized district with the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes. The total length of the line in 1917 was 1, 466 miles. In that year it carried 32,639,600 passengers, 2,388,000 tons of freight, and 530,000 head of live stock.
Owing to the wide separation of the principal centres t>f population along the coast, Brazilian railways have developed as a series of independent systems. Thus Pernambuco became the focus of one system, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, and Rio Grande do Sul of others. For some time the need was recognized of connecting the various systems by interior lines running N. and S., to afford com- munication independently of the sea, and to stimulate internal settle- ment and trade. Such plans have been carried out N. and S. of Pernambuco (from Natal to Maceio), and from Rio de Janeiro N. to Victoria and S. to the Uruguayan frontier, where connexion was made in 1913 with Uruguay Central. It is therefore possible to travel by rail from Rio direct to Montevideo, a distance of 1,967 miles.
Construction, however, was not limited to the coastal region. In 1916 a line of considerable importance was completed between Itapura on the Parana river and Porto Esperanca near Corumba on the Bolivian frontier, the principal city of the state of Matto Grosso. The resulting direct rail connexion with the state of Sao Paulo reduced the time between Rio and Corumba to six days, in place of a trip by water of from six to eight weeks. Extensions of the Rio system northwestward into the state of Goyaz and of the system of Ceara were planned or under construction in 1921. The Madeira- Mamor6 line, passing round the dangerous falls of the Madeira river, was practically completed in 1912. Driven through deep forest in a deadly climate, it is one of the most costly railways in the world. It is 182 m. in length and of great importance for the Acr6 territory and Bolivia.
