GOUDY, HENRY (1848-1921), English jurist, was born in the north of Ireland Sept. 16 1848, the son of the Rev. A. P. Goudy, D.D., of Strabane, co. Tyrone. He was educated at the universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Konigsberg, obtain- ing thus special advantages for the study of Roman law, in which he became a leading authority. He was called to the Scottish bar and published a work on the Scottish law of bank- ruptcy in 1886. In 1889 he was appointed professor of civil law at Edinburgh University and in 1893 regius professor of civil law at Oxford which chair he occupied until 1919, being also fellow of All Soul's College in right of his professorship. He was joint author of a Manual on Local Government in Scotland (1880), edited Muirhead's Private Law of Rome (1898), translated and annotated Jhering's Jurisprudens des taglichen Lcbens (1904), and published a short treatise on Trichotomy in Roman Law (1910), as well as a lecture on the Fate of the Roman Law north and south of the Tweed (1894) and various articles for the E.B. He was editor of the Juridical Review from its foundation in 1889 until 1893, and he was one of the founders of the Society of Public Teachers of Law and of the Grotius Society, instituted in 1915 during the World War, for the advancement of inter- national law. He died at Bath March 3 1921.
COUGH, SIR HUBERT DE LA POER (1870- ), British general, was born on Aug. 12 1870, son of Gen. Sir C. Gough. He joined the i6th Lancers in 1889 and served in the Tirah campaign. In 1899 he was sent out to South Africa on special service, and he commanded a mounted infantry regiment with distinction for nearly two years, being promoted brevet lieuten- ant-colonel for his services. He held staff appointments after re- turning home. Promoted colonel in 1906, he in 1911 became brigadier-general commanding the 3rd Cavalry Brigade at the Curragh, where his attitude with regard to Ulster and the use of the troops in 1914 caused a grave political crisis (see ENGLISH HISTORY). He took his brigade to France in Aug. of that year, succeeded to the command of the and Cavalry Div. in Sept., and was promoted major-general for distinguished service in Oct. He was in April 1915 transferred to the 7th Div., and was in July given charge of the ist Army Corps, a position which he held until the spring of 1916, when he was given command, first of a reserve force, and afterwards of the newly constituted 5th Army; with this he played an important part in the battle of the Somme, and he was given the K.C.B. He was pro- moted lieutenant-general at the beginning of 1917 and in that year he was for some time in charge of the Flanders offensive. Then, early in 1918, it fell to the lot of his army to be on the right wing, next to the French, and to take over from them a considerable front on both sides of the Oise, for which his forces were inadequate. The brunt of the. great German offen- sive of March fell in the first place on -his troops, who were unable to withstand the pressure and fell back with heavy loss in personnel and material. Cough's dispositions under cir- cumstances of the utmost difficulty were appropriate, and responsibility for the disaster did not rest with him; neverthe- less he was deprived of his command by the Government and was ordered home. He was afterwards for some months head of the British Mission to the Baltic States in 1919, and he was in that year given the G.C.M.G. On his return, influenced no doubt by his experiences in the Baltic States, Gen. Gough came forward as a prominent advocate of a world-settlement based upon consent and goodwill, and especially as a supporter of such a settlement of the Irish question.
His younger brother, JOHN EDMUND GOUGH (1871-1915), who had joined the army in 1892, was also a distinguished soldier. He served in central Africa in 1896-7 and in the South African War, and in the Somali campaign of 1902-3, where he won the V.C. and was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel. He reached the rank of colonel in 1906 and commanded the troops in Som- aliland from 1908 to 1910. He afterwards held appointments on the staff and he went out to France in 1914 as brigadier- general, general staff, of the ist Army Corps. When the ex- peditionary force was divided into two armies, he became head of the general staff of the ist Army, but shortly afterwards he
was severely wounded, and on Feb. 21 1915 he died of his wounds. He was the author of a study of the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns (1913) and of several remarkable essays on military subjects.
GOUIN, SIR LOMER (1861- ), Canadian statesman, was born at Grondines, Quebec, in 1861 and was educated at Laval and McGill Universities. He was called to the Canadian bar in 1884, and became Q.C. in 1900, being elected Batonnier- General of the Quebec bar in 1910. He was a member of the Quebec Legislature from 1897; and, after holding minor offices, in 1905-20 was Prime Minister and Attorney-General in the province of Quebec. Attempts were made by Sir Robert Borden to get him to join his Coalition Ministry, but these failed, and subsequently Sir Lomer declared his allegiance to the Liberal Opposition. He derived considerable importance from the fact that he was the Quebec representative on the boards of large Canadian financial institutions. He was knighted in 1908, and received the K.C.M.G. in 1913. His first wife (d. 1904) was a daughter of Honore Mercier, a former Premier of Quebec. On the Liberal victory in Dec. 1921 he was included in the new Cabinet of Mr. Mackenzie King.
GOURAUD, HENRI JOSEPH EUGENE (1867- ), French general, was born at Paris on Nov. 17 1867. He entered St. Cyr in 1888, and was commissioned to the infantry in 1890. Two years later he was promoted lieutenant. In 1894 he was seconded for duty under the colonial administration; and thereafter he gained much experience of active service in the French Sudan, in which he served almost continuously for two years. In 1904 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel and made commandant of the Chan (Congo) territory. In the same year he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour he had already won the cross of Chevalier for distinguished service. In 1907 he was promoted colonel. He next served in Morocco, where he remained until the outbreak of the World War. On Sept. 17 1914 he was promoted temporary general of division, and the following Jan. was appointed commander of the Colonial Army Corps. On Feb. 15 1915 he was made a substantive general of division. In May he replaced D'Amade as commander of the Corps Expeditionnaire d'Orient in the Gallipoli theatre, where he was so badly wounded that his right arm had to be amputated. He was awarded the medaille militaire on July 10 1915. On recovering from his wound he went to Italy in charge of a mission, and then in Dec. 191 5 he was appointed to command the IV. Army. A year later he was sent temporarily, as com- missioner-general, to Morocco; but he again took command of the IV. Army in June 1917. From 1915 to the summer of 1918 the part of the IV. Army was relatively quiet, save for one moment in the spring of 1917 in which it was drawn into the ambit of Nivelle's offensive on the Aisne. At that time Gouraud was in Morocco. Thus, when on July 15 1918. the Germans launched their last offensive on the Champagne front, Gouraud had had little executive experience as an army commander in battle, and before the " zero " day Petain had had some dif- ficulty in convincing him of the necessity of a " coil spring " defence. But when the time came Gouraud carried out its principles admirably, and brought the Germans' last effort to a standstill in his battle-zone. The counter-attacks far to the west followed three days later, and the tide was turned for good. In turn the IV. Army, acting in conjunction with the Americans between Meuse and Argonne, assumed the offensive in Sept., and by Nov. n it had reached the Meuse between Sedan and Mezieres. Gouraud was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on Dec. 28 1918. In Oct. 1919 he became high com- missioner in Syria and commander-in-chief in the Levant.
GOW, ANDREW CARRICK (1848-1920), British painter, was born in London June 15 1848. He studied at Heatherley's art school, London, and first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1869, a picture of his henceforward appearing there every year till his death. He was elected A.R.A. in 1881, and R.A. ten years later. In 1911 he became keeper of the Royal Academy. He died at Burlington House, London, Feb. 1 1920. Gow was best known as a historical painter. His works include " The
