Industrial Activities and Resources.
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1911
1920
Indians engaged in farming .
24,489
49,962
Number of acres cultivated
383,025
890,700
Value of crops raised ...
$1,951,752
$11,927,3156
Irrigated acreage cultivated . Indians benefited by irrigation
454,485
607,044 37,030
Crops on irrigated lands
$3,008,338
$15,773,349
Home buildings, furniture, and farm
$10,029,184
$30,657,763
Individual funds in bank
$10,735,723
$38,035,476
Value of live stock sold
$900,000
$4,080,375
Value of all live stock
$19,471,209
$35,158,731
Value of timber cut . ...
$1,398,166
$2,060,559
Income from land sales and individual
leases
$8,402,669
$11,686,726
Engaged in native industries .
21,235
26,949
Employed by private parties
3,204
13,079
Employed in Indian Service (regular
and irregular) . . . .
8,577
12,244
Value of products from native indus-
tries . . . . .
$847,456'
$1,869,907
Earnings from private parties
$591,672
$2,654,008
Earnings from Indian Service
$1,269,958
$1,586,141
Income from minerals, chiefly oil, gas
and coal
$1,406,001
$23,838,382
Total value of individual and tribal
property .
$523,134,254
$751,725,329
Total income of Indians . . .
$21,092,923
$72,696,431
Total revenue to Indians from minerals
for decade ended June 30 1920 .
$83,796,622
INDIANS IN CANADA
Property Values.
Land in reserves . Public buildings, prop, of bands Private fencing, buildings, im- plements, etc. . Live stock and poultry General and household effects Total value of real and personal property ....
1911
1920
$29,421,972.50 932,052.00
5,412,035.35 2,587,841.80 2,012,708.40
$5i,535,245-00 1,245,800.00
8,103,160.00 4,443.970.00 2,586,902.00
$40,366,610.05
$67,915,077.00
Sources and Value of Income.
Farm products, including hay . Beef sold or used for food Received from land rentals and timber Wages earned .... Earned by fishing, hunting and trapping .... Earned from other industries . Annuities paid and interest in Indian Trust fund Total Average per capita value, real and personal property . Average per capita income .
1911
1920
$1,459,962.46 236,753-36
66,072.12 1,540,021.10
1,511,053.85 852,944.63
(not reported)
$3,462,147.00 450,415.00
154,446.00 2,521,618.00
1,863,886.00 1,714,988.00
621,341 .85
$5,666,807 . 52
$10,788,841.85
$674.43
107.13
(C. SE.)
INDO-CHINA, FRENCH (see 14.490). The French Indo- Chinese Union comprises the following areas:
Cochin-China, pop. (1921) 3,795,613 capital Saigon (83,000
inhabitants)
Tongking " 6,100,000 capital Hanoi (120,000)
Annam ' 4,800,000 Hue
Cambodia " 1,500,000 Pnom-Penh
Laos " 500,000 Luang-Prabang
Kwangchow Wan Territory, 150,000 inhabitants.
There were in 1914 1,273 m. of railway open and 154 m. under construction, less than half of the minimum required to satisfy the essential needs of the colony. The deficiency was made up by regular services in every part of the country having navigable waterways. In 1918 there entered Indo-Chinese ports 2,219 vessels, with a tonnage of 2,376,347; there left 2,087 vessels, with a tonnage of 2,222,935, a total of 4,600,000 tons.
The wealth of Indo-China springs chiefly from rice. The crop is annual in Cambodia, Cochin-China, and the southern part of Annam, and bi-annual in Tongking and the northern part of Annam. The rice-fields covered about 4,700,000 hectares in 1920, in which year the crop amounted to 4,500,000 tons. Indo-China is, after Burma, the second rice-export imj country of the world ; in 1918 she exported 1,600,000 tons and in 1919 966,865 tons, valued at 567,678,000
francs. Export is chiefly to China, Japan, and the Philippines, but shipments to Europe, and especially France, were increasing. The sugar-cane is found in almost all parts of Indo-China, especially in Annam, and production showed considerable development. The exportation of sugar has doubled since 1913, and amounted to 7,718 tons, of a value of 9,202,000 fr., in 1919. The coconut-palm is common everywhere save in Tongking. Cotton flourishes in Cam- bodia, and plantations in other parts of the country are satisfactory. The forests, not yet fully explored, are immense, covering the major part of the mountainous regions, and including a singularly large number of species of trees.
Indo-China is rich in coal, which makes it exceptional among French colonies. The principal deposits are in Tongking, in the immediate neighbourhood of the Bay of Along (region of Honghai). The total production, including lignite, which is found in numerous beds, was in 1918 636,000 tons.
There is much iron, mainly haematite, but it is not exploited. On the other hand, the zinc of Tongking is being more and more developed (production: 33,438 tons in 1913). The most important industries of the country are those derived from rice rice-mills, and distilleries preparing a spirit largely consumed by the Annamites.
The general commerce of Indo-China attained in 1919 the figure of 1,841,966,000 fr., of which 791,073,000 fr. were imports and 1,050,893,000 were exports. France, by reason of difficulties in marine transport, stood for little in these exports, the greater part of which went to Hong-Kong and Singapore, and some to China and Great Britain. The figures for general commerce in 1918 were only 817,687,000 fr. total, of which 363,383,000 fr. were imports and 454,304,000 exports ; but the fluctuations in the value of money must be allowed for. In any case, the figures for 1918 represented an increase of 14,132,000 fr. over the previous year, and a surplus of 148,132,000 over the average for the five years 1913-7. In 1913, the last normal year before the war, the general commerce amounted to 650,591,000 francs. (M. R.*)
INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS (UNITED KINGDOM). The formation of joint industrial councils (or, as they are commonly called, "Whitley Councils") has been one of the most important sequels of wartime developments in the attempt to adjust the relations of employers and employees in the organization of British industry. These joint industrial councils are bodies representing, usually in equal numbers, the organized employers and employees in the particular industries concerned; and they are the outcome of the recommendation made for this purpose by a committee (which became a sub-committee of the Reconstruction Committee) appointed in 1916 by Mr. Asquith, as Prime Minister, and presided over by Mr. J. H. Whitley, M.P. (then Chairman of Committees in the House of Commons), the reference being:
1. To make and consider suggestions for securing a permanent improvement in the relations between employers and workmen ;
2. To recommend means for securing that industrial conditions affecting the relations between employers and workmen shall be systematically reviewed by those concerned, with a view to improv- ing conditions in the future.
The Whitley Committee was composed of well-known represen- tatives of trade unions and employers' associations experienced in collective negotiations, with certain public men and women not directly associated with the interests of employers or employed. One of the most important developments in the improvement of industrial relations before the World War had been the establish- ment of voluntary conciliation boards or machinery for the settlement of labour disputes, and, in the course of a considerable number of years, such bodies or machinery had been established in most of the well-organized trades in the United Kingdom. Along with the great body of collective regulations established over a long period of years, this machinery was practically for the time being set aside by war conditions, which at the same time produced a remarkable growth in trade-union organization, and necessitated much consultation between the Government and representative bodies of employers and trade-unionists, who were also often associated in official boards of control, such as the Cotton Control Board.
When the Whitley Committee was appointed it was widely recognized that a permanent solution of the " Capital and Labour " question was one of the most important of the social and industrial problems of the post-war reconstruction, with a view to which first the Reconstruction Committee and later the Ministry of Reconstruction were formed. The origins of a few of the councils may be carried back, however, to a time before the appointment of the Whitley Committee, or even, in idea at least,
