the Agadir incident, and which, owing to the state of Kiderlen- Wachter's health, were partly conducted between him and the French ambassador, Jules Cambon, at the Bavarian spa of Kis- Bingen. The mystery which Kiderlen-Wachter, with the com- plicity of his chief, Bethmann Hollweg, chose to maintain with re- gard to Germany's ultimate intentions in Morocco, was largely responsible for the crisis which arose bet ween the Western Powers and Germany and which necessitated very plain speaking in the House of Commons by Sir Edward Grey (Nov. 27 1911), and had previously given occasion for a very firm declaration on the British attitude by Mr. Lloyd George, then Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, at the Mansion House (July 21 ion). French public opinion was, moreover, indignant at certain negotiations which were secretly carried on with Berlin by the French Prime Minis- ter, M. Caillaux, behind the back of the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, de Selves. An agreement on the basis of a ces- sion of territory in the French Congo in exchange for a German declaration of complete desinteressement in Morocco was never- theless ultimately effected. Kiderlen-Wachter died at Stuttgart Dec. 30 1912. (G.S.)
KIELMANSEGG, ERICH, COUNT (1847- ), Austrian statesman, was born at Hanover on Feb. 13 1847, and emigrated in 1866, after the incorporation of Hanover in Prussia, to Austria, where he entered the service of the State in 1870. He became governor of Lower Austria (1880-95), carried through the union of Vienna with the suburbs (Greater Vienna), was Minister of the Interior (1895), Prime Minister (June ig-Sept. 29 1895), then again governor until 1911. He was, with the exception of the Chancellor Beust, the only Protestant minister of Austria.
KIEPERT, RICHARD (1846-1915), German cartographer, was born at Weimar Sept. 13 1846, the son of Heinrich Kiepert, also a noted cartographer. Richard pursued geographical and historical studies at Berlin and Heidelberg universities. In 1870 he travelled in Palestine and Asia Minor, returning to take part in the Franco-Prussian War. He received the Doctorate of Philos- ophy at Jena in 1874; from that year until 1878 he was engaged in the compilation of Richthofen's atlas of China, and from 1875 to 1887 he edited the geographical periodical Globus. He had to do with the preparation of maps from the data collected by many well-known German travellers, such as Rohlfs, Barth, Mollen- dorf and Lenz. In 1893 he published a Detttscher Kolonialatlas, and subsequently, among other works, a Spezialkarle wn Deutsch- Ostafrika (i: 300,000), and numerous school maps, being associat- ed with the map-publishing firm of Dietrich Reimer in Berlin for 25 years. After his father's death in 1898 he completed or brought up to date many of his maps, including such historical works as the Formae Orbis Antiqui. Perhaps his most important single work was the Spezialkarte von Kleinasien (Asia Minor), (1:400,000) (1902-8). He received the Ritter medal in 1908, and the hon- orary title of professor in 1913. He died in Berlin Aug. 4 1915.
KING, LEONARD WILLIAM (1860-1919), English archaeologist, was born in London Dec. 8 1869. Educated at Rugby and King's College, Cambridge, he obtained an appointment in the Egyptian and Assyrian department of the British Museum and conducted the Museum's excavations on the site of Nineveh. He also travelled widely in the Near East and collected rock inscriptions in Assyria, Persia and Kurdistan. He was for some years professor of Assyrian and Babylonian archaeology at King's College, London, and published a large number of works on these subjects, including Babylonian Magic and Sorcery (1896); Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum (1896-1909); Babylonian Religion and Mythology (1899) and many others. He died in London Aug. 20 1919.
KINNEAR, ALEXANDER SMITH KINNEAR, 1ST BARON (1833-1917), Scottish judge, was born at Edinburgh Nov. 3 1833. He was educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities, and was called to the Scottish bar in 1856. For some years he acted as a law reporter, but in 1878 he was chosen leading counsel in the Court of Session for the liquidators in the case arising out of the failure of the City of Glasgow Bank, and henceforward his rise was rapid. In 1881 he became a Q.C., and the same year was chosen dean of the Faculty of Advocates. In 1882 he was made a judge, with the courtesy title of Lord Kinnear, and in 1890 an appellate judge, retiring from the Court of Session in 1913, although he continued to sit in the House of Lords as a lord of appeal. Kinnear was raised to the peerage in 1897 in recognition of his services as chairman of the Scottish Universi- ties Commission of 1889. He was also a member of the commis- sion of 1904 for settling the question of the division of Scottish church property. He died at Edinburgh Dec. 20 1917.
KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865- ), British author (see 15.825), published (with C. R. L. Fletcher) a History of England (1911); Songs from Books (1913); and a play, The Harbour Watch (1913). After the outbreak of the World War, he wrote a number of descriptive studies of the forces, viz., The New Armies in Training (1914); France at War (1915); Fringes of the Fleet (1915); and Sea Warfare (1916), as well as a volume of short stories, A Diversity of Creatures (1917), and some small volumes of war poetry. In 1920 he published Letters of Travel, an account of various wanderings between 1892 and 1913.
KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832-1922), British explorer (see 15.829), died Jan. 15 1922.
KITCHENER, HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER, EARL (1850-1916), British field-marshal (see 15.838). In the autumn of 1910 Lord Kitchener accepted a seat on the Committee of Imperial Defence, and he spent the following winter in the Sudan and E. Africa. In the summer of 1911 he commanded the troops in London during King George's coronation, and he was a few days later appointed British agent and consul-general in Egypt. This modest title concealed a position tantamount to that of supreme authority, and during his tenure of office he introduced many reforms designed to develop the resources of the country and to ameliorate the condition of its people, a task in which he had made great progress when in June 1914, immediately after an earldom had been conferred on him, he proceeded to England on his annual leave. Thus it came about that he was in England when war was declared against Germany. He was asked by Mr. Asquith to accept the Secretaryship of State for War, and he took up his new duties in Whitehall on Aug. 6, the day after mobilization.
In view of the circumstances under which he was assuming this post, Kitchener laboured under certain disadvantages, coming as he did to the War Office for the first time. There was no precedent for a great soldier occupying the position at a moment of supreme national emergency. He possessed no previous experience of the central administration of the army. He was not familiar with the various ramifications of the existing military organization. He had made no close study of strategical problems involved in a campaign in Belgium and north-eastern France, nor could he lay claim to intimate acquaintance with the martial resources of the various belligerents. Owing to a misapprehension of the scope of the contest on which the country was embarking, arrangements had moreover been made in advance under which the general staff at headquarters was being seriously depleted in the interests of the Expeditionary Force that was proceeding to the front. But on the other hand his countrymen trusted him and were roused to enthusiasm by the magic of his name, his Cabinet colleagues placed their confidence in him as they would have done in no other conceivable War Minister, and these factors more than compensated for the disabilities from which he suffered. For Kitchener realized from the very outset that the struggle was practically certain to be much more prolonged than those in authority anticipated, and that a far more strenuous effort than had been prepared for would have to be made by the British Empire if it was to conquer. His remark on reaching his office the first day, " There is no army," was scarcely an exaggeration; for the admirably trained and well-equipped Expeditionary Force stood for no more than an insignificant fraction of the numbers that must be placed in the field, whereas existing means of expansion were totally inadequate.
He perceived that entirely new forces composed of personnel enrolled for the duration of the war must be created, and he straightway issued a stirring appeal to the nation asking for
