depressions in the die block above. After the die is cut it must be smoothed by hand, as the milling cutter leaves a rather rough surface.
In grinding-machines there are several models made with rotary tables, like those of the continuous milling-machines. Magnetic chucks are largely used on this type, as well as on others of the reciprocating-table and the horizontal-table types.
One of the principal developments has been the use of grinding wheels, which are fed straight in to the work. These wheels are wide enough to finish the surface desired, and the face is formed to conform to the contour of the finished work. This shape of the grinding wheel is obtained by means of a master form and diamond truing tool. A form of machine, known as the " centreless grinder," makes use of a wide-faced wheel, the face of which is dressed bevel. Small steel pins or rods fed across the face of this wheel by means of a grooved guide are automatically ground to size without the necessity of having centre holes drilled in them, as is necessary with the usual type of cylindrical grinder.
Broaching-machines are largely a development of the auto- motive industry. The La Pointes in the United States and Alfred Herbert in England have built most of the machines of this kind.
A broach is a tool having a number of saw-like teeth so made that they will finish or machine a hole or surface when moved through or over it. As a rule, the teeth of a broach are made to increase a thousandth of an inch or more in size until the last few, or finishing teeth, are reached. These last teeth merely scrape so as to properly size the work. A very common use for broaches is in the production of keyways in gears or wheels. With a properly made broach a keyway may be finished at one pass with no danger of spoiled work. Broaches are either pushed through the work by means of a press or are pulled through by means of a special machine, such as shown on Plate III., fig. 15.
In the example shown the broach is used to finish the inside corner of a type-chase, but almost any form of hole may be broached. In many cases round broaches take the place of reamers for finishing round holes. A round hole may be squared at one pass, or it may be as easily made into a hexagon, splined or irregular shape. In the special machines the broach is pulled through the work by means of a screw in a majority of cases, though some machines are made with a rack-and-pinion movement instead of a lead screw.
Swaging-machines for the cold hammering down of bars or rods are made by the Langelier Manufacturing Co., Providence, R.I. One such is shown on Plate III., fig. 16. A small rod is shown held in a sliding holder. As this rod is pushed into the head of the machine it is hit on opposite sides by hammers operating at a high rate of speed. The rod will be reduced to a point, or to a smaller diameter, according to the shape of the ends of the hammer-heads. Round parts or reduced sections are easily produced almost instantly. A familiar example of swaging can be seen in the reduced sections of bicycle or wire automobile spokes. Sewing-machine needles and other similar work are also reduced in machines of this type.
(E. Vi.)
MACKAY, CLARENCE HUNGERFORD (1874- ), American capitalist, was born at San Francisco April 17 1874. He was a son of John William Mackay (see 17.250), who had wide interests in cable and telegraph lines. He received his education in Europe, chiefly in England and France, and at the age of 20 entered his father's office in New York. In 1896 he was made president of the Forcite Powder Manufacturing Co., and also a director of the Commercial Cable Co. and the Postal Telegraph Co., being made vice-president of both a little later. After his father's death in 1902 he succeeded to the presidency of various companies, including the Commercial Cable Co. and the Postal Telegraph Cable Co. He was elected president of the Mackay Companies, organized in 1903, and owning all the capital stock of the Commercial Cable Co. and a majority of the stock of various cable, telegraph and telephone companies in the United States, Canada and Europe, including the Postal Telegraph Cable Co. In 1921 the Mackay Companies operated some 350,000 m. of wires and 29,000 m. of cables, connecting with all parts of the civilized world. At that time the Commercial Cable Co. owned cables from Ireland to England and France, five cables from America to Europe, cables along the North Atlantic coast, a cable from New York to Cuba, a cable from Florida to Cuba, and a Pacific cable from San Francisco via Honolulu, Midway, Guam and Manila, to Shanghai, with an extension to Japan. The Postal Telegraph Cable Co. owned a telegraph system throughout the United States, and at the same time used many thousand miles of the same wire for long-distance telephone. Acting under authority of a joint resolution of Congress of July 16 1918, President Wilson took over the wires as from Aug. i 1918 and placed them under the control of Postmaster-General Burleson. Mr. Mackay opposed many of the Postmaster- General's policies on the ground that he was using war-time control to bring about Government ownership of the wires. In Dec. Mackay was removed from control of the Commercial Cable Co., and all cables taken over by the Government were placed under the president of the Western Union Telegraph Co. In March 1919 he was also dismissed by order of the Post- master-General from the presidency of the Postal Telegraph. Cable Co., but was reinstated after the return of the wires to their private owners in 1919.
MACKAYE, PERCY (1875- ), American poet and play- wright, was born in New York City March 16 1875. He graduated from Harvard in 1897 and later was a student in the university of Leipzig. From 1900 to 1904 he was a teacher in private schools in New York, and in the latter year became a member of the Cornish (N.H.) colony of artists and writers. He was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1914.
His numerous works include The Canterbury Pilgrims (1903); Fenris the Wolf (1905) ; Jeanne a' Arc (1906, played by E. H. Sothern and Julia Marlowe); Sappho and Phaon (1907); The Scarecrow (1908) ; The Playhouse and the Play (1908, essays) ; The Civic Theatre (1912); Sanctuary (1913, a bird masque); A New Citizenship (1915, a civic ritual); Caliban by the Yellow Sands (1916, a community masque to commemorate the Shakespeare Tercentenary); Com- munity Drama (1917, essay); Rip Van Winkle (1919, folk opera); The Pilgrim and the Book (1920, a dramatic " Service " for cele- brating the Pilgrim Centenary). In 1912 he edited with J. S. P. Tatlock The Modern Reader's Chaucer.
McKENNA, REGINALD (1863- ), British politidan and financier, was born in London July 6 1863, and educated at King's College. He went up to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, as a scholar and graduated as a senior optime in 1885, being elected an hon. fellow of his college in 1916. He also gained distinction as an oar, rowing bow in the university eight in 1887. He was called to the bar in 1887, and practised till, after an unsuccessful attempt at Clapham in 1892, he was elected Liberal member for North Monmouthshire in 1895. He found his party in opposition, but during the following ten years he established a reputation as a vigilant and acute critic of ministerial proceedings, especially in matters of education and finance. When his party returned to^ power in Dec. 1905 he became Financial Secretary to the Treas- ury, and in 1907 was promoted to the presidency of the Board of Education, but he was no better able than his predecessor, Mr. Birrell, to draft a bill which would satisfy the Nonconformists and yet pass the House of Lords. His tenure of the office was brief, as, on Mr. Asquith's succeeding to the premiership in the spring of 1908, he was transferred to the Admiralty.
He entered on his new duties at a time when the country was profoundly stirred by the rapid increase of the German fleet, and was in doubt whether the preparations of the Admiralty were on a sufficiently extensive scale. At the same time a large portion of the Liberal party was disposed to belittle the danger and to call a halt to building-schemes in the interest of peace and economy. Mr. McKenna, relying upon the advice of his First Sea Lord, Lord Fisher, resisted the section of the Cabinet, represented by the powerful figures of Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. Churchill, who took this last view; and, supported by the Prime Minister and Sir Edward Grey, he persuaded his colleagues to begin the building of four battleships of the " Dreadnought " type in 1909, and to ask for power, if necessary, to prepare for the construction of four more a year later. This programme disgusted the Radical economists, but did not satisfy public opinion. The Unionists and other friends of a big navy carried on an agitation to the slogan, " We want eight, and we won't wait," and eventually, on July 26, Mr. McKenna announced that the second four Dreadnoughts would definitely be ordered. The estimates of 1909 had shown an increase of nearly 3,000,000; those of 1910 showed a further increase of 5,500,000, mainly due to new construction. A still further increase of 3,750,000 in 1911 made it clear that Mr. McKenna and the Admiralty were in earnest in their determination to maintain " a fleet sufficient to hold the seas against any reasonably probable combination." In June 1911 he was able to make satisfactory arrangements at
