port difficulties and, later, from the reduced demand in Great Britain and the loss of the markets of the United States, Canada, Russia and Norway. The wine trade attained its maximum in 1919, when the cost of transport fell from 15 to 4 a pipe and Great Britain im- ported 12,458,220 gallons. In 1920 Great Britain imported only 5,914,575 gal. and a huge stock was left on the hands of the merchants. Portuguese manufacturing industries, which expanded considerably during the war, despite the coal shortage, were similarly affected by decreased demand in 1920, for which the expansion of colonial trade did not entirely compensate.
Population. The pop. of Portugal numbered 5,547,708 in 1911, not including the inhabitants of the Azores and Madeira, which amounted to 412,348 in the same year. The pop. of the chief towns (1911 census) were: Lisbon 435,399, Oporto 194,099, Setubal 30,346, Ilhavo 14,130, Povoa de Varzim 12,115, Tavira 11,665, Faro 12,680, Ovar 11,416, Olhao 10,890, Viana do Castello 10,486, Aveiro 11,523, Louie 19,688, Coimbra 20,581, Evora 17,901, Covilha 15,745, Elvas 10,645, Portalegre 11,603, Palmella 13,318, Torres Novas 13,961.
Literature. Literature in Portugal from 1911 to 1921 was marked chiefly by the death of prominent men of letters of philologists, Goncalvez Viana (1914), Epiphanio Dias (1916), Julio Moreira (1917) and Adolpho Coelho (1919); critics, Ramalho Ortigao (1917) and D. Maria Amalia Vaz de Carvalho (1921); novelists, Fialho de Almeida (1911), Abel Botelho (1917) andTeizeira de Queiroz (1919) ; the dramatist Marcellino Mesquita (1919) ; poets, Antonio Feijo ('917)1 Jao Penha (1919) and Gomes Leal (1921). But although the revolution was followed by no great literary revival, most useful work was accomplished, including much-needed and impor- tant reprints and editions of the classics. Among these may be mentioned the scholarly editions of Dr. J. J. Nunes and of Dr. Esteves Pereira, who in 1918 published the Livro da Montana of King Joao I. from the original manuscript. Valuable material for the future historian of Portugal was brought together by the re- searches of several scholars, among whom Mr. Edgar Prestage specialized on the I7th century. The Revista de Historia has been published regularly since 1912. Senhor J. Lucio de Azevedo followed up his Life of Pombal with notable studies on Antonio Vieira. Dr. Leite de Vasconcellos' invaluable Revista Lusitania reached its 2Oth volume in 1917. In poetry a national tendency set in which is strongly marked in Dr. Lopes Vieira's Ilhas de Bruma (1917). The veteran poet, Senhor Guerra Junqueiro, published Poesias Dis- persas in 1920. In the field of essay the glowing style and national fervour of Senhor Antero de Fiqueiredo in Leonor Teles (1916), Jornadas em Portugal (1918), RecordaQoes e Viagens (2nd ed. 1916), and other works, are notable. The growing interest in Portuguese literature in England was marked by the foundation of a chair of Portuguese literature at King's College, London, in 1917.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. For general study of the country see L. Poinsard, Le Portugal Inconnu (1911) ; A. Marvaud, Le Portugal et ses Colonies (1912); G. Diercks, Das Moderne Portugal (1913); A. F. G. Bell, Portugal of the Portuguese (1915); G. Young, Portugal: An His- torical Study (1916) ; Bento Carqueja, O Povo Portuguez (1916) and Futuro de Portugal (2nd ed. 1920); Ezequiel de Campes, A Con- servaftio da Riqueza Nacional (1917); Capt. B. Granville Baker, A Winter Holiday in Portugal (1912); A. F. G. Bell, In Portugal (1912); G. Diercks, Porlugiesische Geschichle (1912); A. Herculano, Historia de Portugal, illustrated edition in 8 vols. (1914-6) ; H. da Gama Barros, Historia da Administrate publica em Portugal nos seculos XII. a XV. (3 yols. 1895-6 and 1914); Dr. Mendes dos Remedies, Historia da Litteratura Portugueza (=>th ed. 1921); F. de Figueiredo, Historia da Litteratura Romantica Portugueza (1913), Historia da Litteratiira Realista (1914), Historia da Litteratura Classica (1917), dealing with the i6th century, and A Critica Lit- teraria como Sciencia (3rd ed. 1920). What purports to be a summary of the literature of Dr. Theophilo Braga consists of 4 vols. : Edade Media (1909), Renascenca (1914), Os Seiscentistas (1916), Os Arcades (1918). (A. F. G. B.)
PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA, or MOZAMBIQUE (see 22.163).
As the result of the World War in what was formerly the German
territory adjoining, Portuguese East Africa has become bordered
andward entirely by British, or British administered, territory.
In 1919 " the Kionga triangle," some 400 sq. m. in size, and
including the southern shore of the estuary of the Rovuma, was
transferred to the province having been part of German East
Africa. The pop. in 1918 was roughly estimated at 3,000,000
to 3,500,000; no systematic census had been made and the
inhabitants in areas not controlled by the Portuguese were not
included. Europeans, exclusive of troops, numbered some
12,000; Asiatics (mainly Indian traders) 15,000-18,000. Lou-
renco Marques, the capital, with suburbs had about 20,000
inhabitants of whom 5,500 were white (700 being British).
Products and Trade. An increase in the area under sugar, greater attention to the plantations of coco-nut palms (for copra), the introduction of sisal growing (from German East Africa) and the cultivation of maize for export were directions in which endeavours
were made to increase the resources of the province in 191121. The sugar plantations were mainly in the region between Beira and the Zambezi, a region governed under charter by the Company of Mozambique, in which British capital was largely interested. Between 1911 and 1919 the area under sugar trebled and the output reached 35,000 tons yearly. Most of it was produced by the Sena Sugar Co. and shipped at Beira. Sisal was cultivated mostly in the Quilimane area; in 1916 the export was 2,200 tons of fibre.
Before the World War trade was mainly divided between British, Portuguese and Germans; the Germans financed the Banyans (Indian traders) who retailed " Kaffir truck " to the natives, a busi- ness worth 250,000 or more a year. In return the natives sold, principally, ground nuts of which some 2,000 tons were exported annually. North of the Zambezi German merchants had nearly all the trade, both import and export, and had begun to oust even the Banyan. In the S., at Delagoa Bay and Beira British, firms held over 50 % of the trade. The war eliminated the German trader.
No uniform system of trade statistics was adopted in the three administrative areas into which the province was divided. The following figures are approximations to accuracy : in 191 1 imports 8,250,000, exports 2,250,000. The imports include some 6,800,000, in and out transit trade through Delagoa Bay and Beira. For 1913 the imports (excluding transit trade) were given at 2,053,000; exports at 2,720,000. Portuguese figures for 1917 (excluding Beira) gave the imports at 2,800,000; the exports at 1,500,000, not reckoning transit trade pr reexports.
The imports for local use were mainly textiles, provisions and machinery. Large quantities of wine, " vinho colonial," are imported from Portugal for native consumption in 1913 the amount received at Lourenco Marques alone was 1 ,620,000 gallons valued at 105,000. In 1920 alcohol was declared by the high commissioner of Mozam- bique to be the curse of the province. The great bulk of the trade was in transit to or from the Transvaal, Rhodesia or British Nyasa- land. The import of most direct benefit to the province was coal from the Transvaal. From 1912 onward Lourenco Marques became important both for the export and bunkering trade. (For the rela- tions of the province with the Transvaal see DELAGOA BAY.)
Communications. During 1910-20 several short lines of railway were built from the seaports. The largest scheme was to connect Delagoa Bay and Inhambane. This line with a total length of 280 m. was planned in independent sections, and 1 60 m. had been com- pleted by 1916; the central section had not been built in 1920. The building of a railway (about 170 m. long) from Beira to the Zambezi, opposite Chindio, was begun in 1920 under a guarantee of the British Nyasaland Protectorate, its object being to afford that protectorate an ocean gateway. From Chindio a railway, completed in May 1915, goes to Port Herald where it connects with the Shire Highlands rail- way. A route for a railway from Port Amelia to Lake Nyasa was surveyed in 1912. The line would have been built by a German company but for the outbreak of the World War. Up to 1921 a few miles only of rails had been laid from Port Amelia. Wireless tele- graph stations have been erected at Delagoa Bay, Inhambane and Mozambique town.
Finance. Revenue was obtained chiefly from a hut tax, customs and taxes on emigration, i.e. a poll tax paid to the provincial authori- ties for natives recruited for the Transvaal gold mines and other work. In 1913-4 revenue and expenditure were budgeted for 1,312,000; in 1917-8 at 1,809,000. " Cost of administration " was given as the chief item of expenditure, not unnaturally, as in 1917 there were over 10,000 persons in Government pay.
History. The efforts made by chartered companies and reforming governors to develop the province left its vast natural resources up to 1920 scarcely touched. The Portuguese lacked capital with which to undertake large operations, the settler class was not on the whole of a satisfactory character, the administrative system was very defective, and up to 1914 the interests of the province were entirely subordinated to the assumed interests of Portugal. In that year following an agitation in which the then governor-general of the province, Senhor de Magelhas, took the lead, Mozambique was granted partial autonomy and in 1920, when Dr. Brito Camacho was appointed high commissioner, further reforms were enacted. The general trend of events during 1910-20 was to show the province as of value chiefly as a passage-way to and from the Transvaal, Rhodesia and British Nyasaland. Partly because of the necessity of keeping this passage-way open it was in this period that Portuguese authority was first made fairly effective throughout the province. Moslem chiefs along the coast in the region opposite Mozambique Island were subjugated by 1910, after a four years' contest, and the hinterland tribes then submitted with little resistance. The occupation of the interior of Portuguese Nyasaland, begun in earnest in 1909, met, however, with strong opposition from the natives and was not completed till 1912, when Mataka, the most powerful opponent of the
