self-government may be doubted. The policy of the United States was to make evident to the best elements in Santo Domingo what honesty and efficiency in administration could accomplish, as well as the futility and cost of "government by revolution."
The military government of Santo Domingo completed in 1921 the first census ever taken of the republic, and reported the num- ber of inhabitants as 897,405. The population is scattered chiefly in a fringe along the shore and in the Cibao Valley especially in the region thereof known as the Royal Plain. In the mountainous inte- riors are vast uninhabited stretches and valleys which have not been visited since the days of the Conquest.
See Otto Schoenrich, Santo Domingo: A Country with a Future (1918) ; Report of Military Governor on Conditions in Santo Domin- go, in Annual Report of Secretary of the Navy (1920). (J. H. Ho.)
SARGENT, JOHN SINGER (1856- ), Anglo-American art-
ist (see 24.219), exhibited in 1910 the open-air paintings "Albanian Olive Gatherers," " Glacier Streams," " A Garden at Corfu "
and " Vespers." In 1911 appeared " A Waterfall " and " The Log-
gia." His portrait of Henry James was exhibited in 1914, and was
one of the pictures damaged in that year by suffragette attacks.
He contributed in 1915 a blank canvas to a Red Cross sale at
Christie's, which was secured by Sir Hugh Lane just before his
death for 10,000. In Dec. 1916 the third series of his mural
decorations in the Boston Public Library was unveiled. This
concluding series is entitled "The Theme of the Madonna."
The first series (1895) depicts "The Judaic Development"; the
second (1903), "The Dogma of the Redemption." The theme
of the whole is "Judaism and Christianity." In 1917 he was
elected a trustee of the Tate Gallery. During the World War
he made a number of paintings of scenes on the western front ;
and his large picture "Gassed" in the Royal Academy in 1919
attracted great attention. In Nov. 1921 his decorations in the
rotunda of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts were unveiled.
SARRAIL, MAURICE PAUL EMMANUEL (1856- ), French
General, was born at Carcassonne (Aude) April 6 1856. He
qualified for both St. Cyr, and the Ecole Polytechnique but
chose to enter the former. He passed out Oct..i 1877 with the
distinction of third place and was posted as a sub-lieutenant
to the infantry. His regimental service and promotion followed
the normal course; he became lieutenant Oct. 1882, captain in
1887, and chef-de-bataillon in 1897. In 1901 he was appointed
Commandant of the Ecole Militaire d'Infanterie (St. Maixent),
and the following year was promoted lieutenant-colonel. From
1904 to 1906 he held the appointment of Military Commandant
of the Palais Bourbon, being made colonel in 1905. In 1907
he became Director of Infantry at the War Office an appoint-
ment which he held 4 years. He was made general-of-brigade
in 1908. Three years later he was promoted general-of-division
and on Nov. i 1913 was given command of the VIII. Army
Corps, being later (April 24 1914) transferred to the VI. Corps,
which he commanded on the outbreak of the World War. But
though General Sarrail's military capacity was recognized prior
to 1914 it was principally by his semi-political activities that he
was best known; and as a member of General Andre's military
cabinet he played a conspicuous part during a very troubled
period of French army history. On Sept. 2 1914, after command-
ing the VI. Corps with credit in the Battle of the Frontiers, he was
appointed to succeed Ruffey as commander of the III. Army.
This army formed the pivot of the wheel-back of the Allied
forces during the retreat to the Marne, and Sarrail maintained
it as such on the N.W. front of Verdun, although authorized
and indeed ordered to fall back. This left him in an exposed
position, but one in which the swinging-in enemy himself might
present a flank to Sarrail's attack. His part in bringing about
the situation which enabled Joffre to counter-attack was thus
as important and as brilliant as Gallieni's on the. other flank.
During the trench-warfare operations of 1914-15, however, he
was less successful, as he was essentially a leader of temperament,
and growing friction with Joffre led to his dismissal from this com-
mand after the action of Bourdeilles. Almost immediately there-
after, under circumstances described in the article SALONIKA
CAMPAIGNS, Sarrail was appointed Commander of the French
Army of the East, and at a later date he became commander-in-chief of the Allied forces on that front. The troubled history
of this command, which lasted till his recall in Dec. 1917, is
told in the article referred to. After his return to France he
saw no further active service. In April 1918 he was placed on
the reserve on reaching the age limit. He became a Grand
Officer of the Legion of Honour in Nov. 1914 and was awarded
a Grand Cross of the same Order in Jan. 1916. He was given
the Medaille Militaire in Sept. 1917. Soon after the end of the
war he published his account of the Salonika operations under
the title M on Commandement en Orient.
SASKATCHEWAN (see 24.225). This Canadian province includes 243,382 sq.m. of land area and 8,318 sq. m. of water;
251,700 sq. m. in all. Its southern boundary is the 49th parallel
and its northern the 6oth: it is 390 m. from E. to W. and 760 m.
from N. to S. The province comprises portions of the old districts
of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan and Athabasca, which formed part
of the old North-West Territories, with the town of Regina as
the capital and the residence of the lieutenant-governor.
The province may be divided into four more or less well-defined zones, (i) The prairie zone forms the most southerly portion, extend- ing from the U.S. boundary as far N. as the town of Saskatoon, and marked by open rolling prairie country of the richest possible agricultural character. (2) The prairie and woodland zone extends from Saskatoon to the southern edge of the great northern forest, consisting of mixed prairie country and woodland adapted for farm- ing and stock-raising. (3) A dense forest zone is bounded on the S. by a line passing from the Swan river in a N.W. direction near the town of Prince Albert, and on the N. by a line drawn from the north- ern part of Reindeer lake to the southern part of Lake Athabasca. This zone is well watered and well timbered, being covered with a forest growth of spruce, tamarack, jack pine, poplar and birch. (4) The sparsely wooded forest zone includes the remainder of the country northward.
The geology of Saskatchewan is simple. Formations of very ancient, highly crystalline, contorted and foliated or schistose rocks, together with metamorphic rocks and eruptives, form a floor or basement complex referable to the Laurentian and Huronian sys- tems, and upon this floor of primitive rocks there rests unconform- ably an uninterrupted succession of evenly bedded and for the most part stratified sedimentary formations ranging from the Keweenawan of supposed Cambrian age, through the palaeozoic and mesozoic, to the Tertiary and Quaternary ages inclusive.
The province has an elevation of from 1,500 to 3,000 ft. above sea- level, which accounts for the dryness and clearness of the atmos- phere. As in southern Alberta, portions of the country need irriga- tion, and the requirements of water and the sources of supply are problems being dealt with by the several governments interested.
The following table shows the growth of pop. since 1901 :
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Male
Female
Total
1901 1906 1911 1916
49,431 152,791 291,730
363,787
41,848 104,972 202,702 284,048
91,279 257,763 494,432 647,835
In 1916 the urban and rural pops, were 176,297 and 471,538 respectively. The census showed 150,292 families with an average of 4-31 persons per family housed in 140,359 dwellings. The origins were: Canadian-born 352,920; English 90,435; Irish 62,551; Scotch 64,735; Welsh 1,451; French 24,011; German 34,091; Austro-Hungarian 24,195; Scandinavian 13,064; Dutch 5,448; Indian 10,736; Polish 2,559; Russian 11,623; Ukrainian 2,175; others 8,806. The U.S. immigrants of various nationalities born in the United States were 87,907; of these 46% were British descendants. There is a largish community of Russian Doukhobors. The Indians of Saskatchewan are chiefly plain or wood Crees, with a mixture among them of Saulteaux. Towards the S. small bands of Assiniboines are found, and here and there small companies of refugee Sioux from the United States. They number 10,736 and are all on Government reserves. Steady progress had been made in enabling the Indians to become self-supporting, and to live in comfortable houses, growing crops of grain, making hay and possessing herds of cattle. At the various industrial schools young Indians, both male and female, receive a practical education.
Regina, on the main line of the C.'P.R., is the capital, and had in 1920 a pop. estimated at 27,000. It was formerly the headquarters of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police. It contains the provincial legislature buildings, one of the provincial normal schools and the Regina College.
