She often appeared as a public reader of her own works, which were characterized by humour and pathos. Tulane University, New Orleans, conferred upon her in 1915 the degree of Litt.D. She died in New York City May 6 1917.
Her numerous books include Carlotta's Intended (1894); Sonny (1896); In Simpkinsville (1897); Moriah's Mourning (1898); Napoleon Jackson, the Gentleman of the Plush Rocker (1902); The Second Wooing of Salina Sue (1905); Sonny's Father (1910) ; The Unlived Life of Little Mary Ellen (1910); Daddy Do-Funny's Wisdom Jingles (1913) and Plantation Songs and Other Verse (1916).
STUBBS, CHARLES WILLIAM (1843–1912), English divine,
was born at Liverpool Sept. 3 1843, and educated at the Royal
Institution school, Liverpool, and Sidney Sussex College,
Cambridge. His father and grandfather were Yorkshire agriculturists,
and throughout his life he took a strong interest in the
welfare of the agricultural labourer, publishing three volumes
on the subject, Village Politics (1878), Christ and Democracy
(1883) and The Land and the Labourers (1890). He was a strong
Liberal with somewhat socialistic views, and was preferred by
Mr. Gladstone to the living of Stokenham and Chivelstone in
Devon in 1884. In 1887 he was transferred to Liverpool, becoming
rector of Wavertree. In 1893 he became dean of Ely, remaining
there till 1905, when Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman nominated
him to the bishopric of Truro. He was Hulsean lecturer at
Cambridge in 1904, and published his lectures under the title
The Christ in English Poetry (1905). His other works include
A Creed for Christian Socialists (1896); Charles Kingsley and
the Christian Social Movement (1898) and a Handbook to Ely
Cathedral (1898). He died at Truro May 4 1912.
STURDEE, SIR FREDERICK CHARLES DOVETON, 1st
Bart. (1859–), British Admiral, was born at Charlton, Kent, June 9 1859, the son of a naval officer, and entered the navy in 1871. He was promoted lieutenant (1880), commander (1893), captain (1899), rear-admiral (1908), vice-admiral (1913), admiral (1917) and admiral of the fleet (1921). He saw service in Egypt (1882) and in Samoa (1898–9) when he was in command of the Anglo-American force. He was assistant-director of Naval Intelligence to the Admiralty (1900–2) and chief of staff,
Mediterranean Fleet (1905–7) and Channel Fleet (1907). In
1910 he became rear-admiral of the first Battle Squadron, and
commanded the 2nd Cruiser Squadron (1912–3). During the
World War he was commander-in-chief, on the “Invincible,”
of the squadron which won the battle of the Falkland Is., Dec. 8
1914, and he took part in the battle of Jutland. He was created
K.C.B. (1913), and K.C.M.G. (1916); and a baronetcy was
conferred on him in 1916, with the title “of the Falkland Is.”
In 1918 he became commander-in-chief of the Nore.
STURDZA, DEMETRIUS (1833–1914), Rumanian statesman (see 25.1051), died in 1914.
STÜRGKH, CARL, Count (1859–1916), Austrian prime minister from Nov. 3 1911 to the time of his murder, was born on Oct. 30 1859, of an ancient noble Styrian family, and in 1881 he became an official of the Statthalterei at Graz, and later of the Ministry of Education. He left the State service in 1891, when he was elected as a representative of the loyal land-holding interest to the Reichsrat. He attached himself to the Left of the German party, and came forward as a keen opponent of universal suffrage. He was from Feb. 10 1909 to Nov. 3 1911 Minister of Education, and a zealous advocate of the humanistic education traditional in the gymnasia. Stürgkh was one of the committee of five ministers who decided on the dispatch of the ultimatum to Serbia and the declaration of war, which brought on the World War. He was lulled on Oct. 21 1916 by a shot fired by the Social Democrat Friedrich Adler, a son of the Social Democrat leader, Viktor Adler, as a protest against Stürgkh's government without parliament. (See Austrian Empire.)
STÜRMER, BORIS VLADIMIROVICH (1849–1917), Russian
politician, was born in 1849, the son of an emigrant—his father
being captain of a fire brigade at Tula. He studied at the university
of Petrograd, and there made friends with Count Bobrinsky,
a member of one of the leading Russian families, who introduced
him into the upper circle of Petrograd society. His affable manners
and his ability to win the confidence of important people
are the only explanation of his brilliant success in a circle to
which he did not belong by birth or fortune. He started his
career in the Chamberlain's department of the Imperial Court,
but he held at the same time different situations in the Senate,
the Ministry of Justice and elsewhere. When in 1892 the Government
rejected the candidate nominated to the presidency of
the executive board of the Tver Zemstvo, Stürmer, whose name
was on the list of the Tver gentry, was appointed to this office.
It was the first case of a president of the Zemstvo being appointed
instead of being elected. In 1894 Stürmer was appointed governor
of the Novgorod, and later of the Iaroslavl province. Subsequently
he was in charge of a department of the Home Office.
In 1904 he was created member of the State Council, but he
never took an active part in the legislative work. Mean-
while he won the confidence of the Court, and he was made
prime minister in Jan. 1916, at a period when the Emperor,
avoiding strong personalities, wished to secure the fulfilment of
his orders by devoted servants. As prime minister Stunner's
reactionary attitude provoked a strong opposition in liberal and
patriotic circles; rumours accusing him of connexions with Germany
were widely spread without real proof. These accusations
were finally brought to the tribune of the Duma by M. Milyukov
and resulted in Stürmer's resignation in November. After Sazonov's
dismissal Stürmer took the portfolio of Foreign Affairs,
and his activities in this department resulted in the premature
declaration of war by Rumania, so disastrous for that country
and for Russia. He was arrested after the revolution, and he
died in prison of disease in Sept. 1917.
STYRIA (see 25.1058), an Austrian territory bordered on the E. by the Southern Slav State and that part of Burgenland which belongs to Austria; on the N. by Lower and Upper Austria; on the W. by Salzburg and Carinthia; and on the S. by the Southern
Slav State. The part of Styria included in the Southern Slav
State has an area of some 2,366 sq. m. and had, in 1910, a pop. of
433,000. The Austrian territory extends over some 6,304 sq. m.,
of which the greater part is mountainous and almost the whole
lies in the Eastern Alps. Styria had formerly three large divisions:—Northern
or Upper Styria; Middle Styria; and Southern or
Lower Styria. Lower Styria and the southern part of Middle
Styria, up to the Posruck range and to the Mur have, however,
been taken over by the Southern Slav State. Middle Styria is
surrounded on the W. and N. by a semi-circular mountain range
which joins the Cetic and a part of the Noric Alps and has re-
cently become known as the “Steierische Randgebirge.” The
pass through which flows the river Mur between Bruck and Graz
unites it to Upper Styria. The northern part of Upper Styria is
occupied by the heights of the Nödrdlichen Kalkalpen. The eastern
part of the Noric Alps, the Bachern together with the Posruck,
now belongs to the Southern Slav State.
Population.—The pop. of the Styria of to-day was, in 1910, 952.59; in I9 2 it had decreased to about 946,720 (151 per sq.m.). It is almost purely German. The proportion of males to females in 1910 was as 1,000 to 983; in 1920 as 1,000 to 1,053. While Styria lost some 75,000 Germans, among whom were 9,000 belonging to the exclusively German-speaking districts, she has now only about 5,000 Slovene inhabitants. In 1910 the pop. of the present-day Styria was as to 97.4% Roman Catholic and 2.1 % Evangelical.
For administrative purposes, Styria is divided into 16 districts and the autonomous city of Graz, the capital (pop. 157,032 in 1920). Other important places are:—(pop. figures are taken from the census of 1920) in the Traun and Enns district of Upper Styria—Bad Aussee (pop. 1,370); Eisenerz (pop. 6,337); Manazell, the famous resort of pilgrims (pop. 1,881); in the Upper Mur district—Judenburg (pop. 5,668); Fohnsdorf (pop. 7,199); Zeltweg (pop. 3,682); Knittelfeld (pop. 10,672); Leoben (pop. 11,231); Donawitz (pop. 15.087); Vordernberg (pop. 2,352); Bruck an der Mur (pop. 8,490);—in Mürz-Thal—Kappenberg (pop. 12,576); Mürzzuschlag (pop. 6,483);—in Middle Styria—Köflach (pop. 2,655) ; Voitsberg (pop. 3,283); Eggenberg bei Graz (pop. 15,554): Weiz (pop. 3,620); Fürstenfeld (pop. 5,649) and the Gleichenberg Spa, Kurort Gleichenberg (pop. 872).
Education.—Styria has three higher educational establishments, namely the university and the technical college of Graz and the Montanist College in Leoben.
Notwithstanding the great unevenness of the surface, only 8.0% of the present Styria could be reckoned as unproductive in 1900. Of the productive parts, 19.1% was arable; 0.9% gardens; 0.5%
