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Indeed, in each year of the war the incubation period tended to rise, as is shown in the diagram, fig. 2.

Further it was found that the inoculations tended to limit the degree of tetanus, converting what would be generalized cases into local or one-limb cases. The following table illustrates this:

Tetanus type

Percentages

General

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

98-9

98-6

87-0

76-6

83-5

Local

i-i

1-4

13-0

23-4

16-5

Local tetanus tends to occur in the wounded or injured limb and to be confined to that limb. It is much less severe and far less fatal than the generalized type.

Naturally the death-rate reflected these successes. Among the unprotected and unrecorded the death-rate per cent, was 53-5. Among the protected it was 23-0. The " unrecorded " here undoubt- edly include cases which had received a dose. This accounts, in Sir David Bruce's opinion, for the fact that the death-rate is lower than the old pre-serum rate of 85 %.

It is thus evident that the method employed during the war fully justified the hopes which were entertained concerning it, and that an immense amelioration of pain and distress was effected. Indeed, when the terrible character of this disease is recalled it will be seen that preventive inoculation did much to support the moral of troops by assuring them of safety, or comparative safety, in the event of exposure to the infection.

See Maj.-Gen. Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., The Prevention of Tetanus During the Great War by the Use of Anti-tetanic Serum. (Research Defence Society, Form Dz, July 1920.) (R. M. Wl.)

TEWFIK, AHMED, PASHA (1843- ), Turkish statesman, was born in Constantinople in 1843, and in 1859 entered the army. In 1870 he quitted the military service and was attached to the translation bureau of the Sublime Porte. He entered the diplomatic service and acted as political agent for the army of the Danube and the Balkans during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-8). He was subsequently attached to the Turkish legation at Athens, where he later became minister. In 1884 he was appointed ambassador to Berlin, but in 1895 was recalled in or- der to become Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the Young Turk revolution he became grand vizier (1009), but the same year was sent as ambassador to London. In 1912 he was again grand vizier for a brief period. On the close of the World War (Nov. 1918), during which his sympathies were with the Entente, he became grand vizier for the third time, and formed a Govern- ment which excluded all members of the Committee of Union and Progress. He resigned in March 1919, but again became head of the Government on the resignation of Damad Fend Pasha in Oct. 1920.

TEXAS (see 26.688). In 1920 the pop. was 4,663,228, as against 3,896,542 in 1910, an increase of 766,686, or 19-7%, as against 27-8% in the preceding decade. The urban pop. (in places of 2,300 or more) was 1,512,689, or 32-4% of the total as compared with 24-1% in 1910. The average number of inhabitants per sq. m. increased from 14-8 in 1910 to 17-8 in 1920. The following table shows the growth of the 10 cities in the state having in 1920 a pop. of more than 30,000:

1920

1910

Increase per cent.

San Antonio

161,379

96,614

67-0

Pallas .

158,976

92,104

72-6

Houston ....

138,276

78,800

75-4

Fort Worth

106,482

73,312

45-2

El Paso ....

77.560

39.279

97-4

Galveston ....

44.255

36,981

19-7

Beaumont . . . .

40,422

20,640

95-8

Wichita Falls .

40,079

8,200

388-8

Waco . . . .

38,500

26,425

45-7

Austin ....

34.876

29,860

16-8

Agriculture. The 1910 census gave Texas 417,770 farms, with a total area of 112,435,067 ac., of which 27,360,666 ac. were improved. Owing to the fact that in 1900 the large ranches in the western part of the state were included under farm acreage, there was a decrease in the farm acreage between 1900 and 1910 of 13,361,950 ac., but an increase of 7,784,590 ac. in improved land. By 1910 much of this land had been bought by speculators for sale in small farms and the land was in their hands or in those of purchasers who had not yet begun cultivation, and so was not included under farm acreage.

The value of all farm property in 1910 was $2,218,645,164. Advance figures for the 1920 census, subject to correction, gave Texas 435,666 farms. The principal crops for 1920, in the order of acreage (accord- ing to estimates of the U.S. Department of Agriculture), were cot- ton, corn, oats, grain sorghums, wheat, hay, rice, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cowpeas, potatoes, broom corn, barley, sorghum syrup, rye. These crops covered 25,435,000 acres. Their farm value, partly es- timated, was $610,787,000. In 1919, at the peak of post-war prices, their value was $1,051,817,000. Texas is a large producer of fruits and vegetables. Ranked according to value of the 22 principal crops produced in the United States, Texas held first place in igigand 1920; and first in the value of all crops 1914-20. The average annual yield of corn 1911-9 was 126,600,000 bus.; of wheat 15,300,000 bus.; of cotton 3,600,000 bales. Figures (partly estimates) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture gave Texas Jan. I 1921 4,500,000 range cattle and 1,184,000 milch cows of the combined value of $213,- 184,000; horses 1,187,000, valued at $89,000,000; mules just under 800,000, valued at $84,744,000; sheep 3,000,000, $19,335,000; and swine 2,427,000, $28,639,000. In the total value of live stock in 1920 Texas ranked second, between Iowa and Illinois.

Minerals. The most important mineral products are oil, sulphur, coal and lignite. The first oil in paying quantities was discovered at Corsicana in the central part of the state, in 1894; but keen interest was not aroused until the " Spindle Top " discovery near Beau- mont in 1901. Since that time the surface of the state has been covered with leases, and remarkable strikes have been made in a number of places. At the beginning of 1921 production was con- fined to two general sections the coast, including mainly Harris and Brazoria counties (Jefferson, Hardin, and Matagorda counties have in the past been good producers) ; and a region in the northern and north-central part of the state, including chiefly Wichita, Eastland, Comanche, and Stephens counties. The Humble field in Harris county was opened in 1905, Goose Creek in 1911, and Blue Ridge in 1919. The west Columbia field in Brazoria county was also opened in 1919. The Burkburnett field in Wichita county first be- came important in 1917, Ranger in Eastland county in 1917, and Desdemona and Breckenridge in Comanche and Stephens coun- ties respectively in 1918. Production dropped from 28,000,000 bar. in 1904 to less than 9,000,000 in 1910; rose to 27,644,000 in 1916; 32,413,000 in 1917; 38,750,000 in 1918:85,312,000 in 1919; and 54,668,000 for the first three-quarters of 1920. Natural gas and natural-gas gasoline were developed as by-products of the oil in- dustry. The value of natural gas marketed in the state rose from $127,000 in 1909 to $5,027,449 in 1918; and natural-gas gasoline in 1918 amounted to 7,326,122 gal., giving Texas fifth rank in that respect. Two sulphur plants in Texas and one in Louisiana were said in 1920 to yield 98 % of all that produced by the United States. One of the Texas plants is at Freeport, near the mouth of the Brazos river, the other is near Matagorda, close to the mouth of the Colorado. The Freeport plant began producing in substantial quantities in 1916, and the next year, under war pressure, delivered 500,000 tons. The Matagorda plant began operation in 1919, producing about 500,000 tons a year. The sulphur lies about 1,000 ft. below the surface and is extracted from wells by " forcing superheated water (and steam) through pipes, dissolving and suspending the sulphur and pumping it back.' Bituminous coal production from 1908 to 1918 remained practically stationary, varying from 1,010,- ooo tons in 1910 to 1,259,000 tons (value $3,140,253) in 1917. The yield in 1919 dropped to 793,000 tons. Lignite is mined principally for state consumption, and the relative backwardness of manufacturing and the competition of other fields keep down the demand. More than 1,000,000 tons were delivered in each of the years 1913-5 and 1917-8. The 1919 yield was 860,000 tons. The value at the mine was slightly under $1 per ton. The original supply was estimated in 1913 at 30,000,000,000 tons, of which about 9,000,000 tons had then been mined. Other minerals of fairly steady yield are silver, worth about $500,000 a year for many years, quick-silver, cement, and clay products. In quicksilver production the Terlingua mine in Brewster county has for more than a decade made Texas second to California only. The highest yield recorded was 10,791 75-lb. flasks in 1917, valued at $1,136,502. Cement production in 1919 was 2,288,000 bar., value $4,176,000; clay products (brick, tile, and pottery) in 1917 were valued at $3,451,806. Salt is produced in fairly steady quantities, and in 1917 yielded 85,181 short tons, with a value of $564,000.

Manufactures. In 1914 there were 5,084 manufacturing establishments, capitalized at $283,544,000, employing 91,114 persons, and producing an annual value of $361,279,000, of which $108,135,000 was value added by manufacture. The principal industries were those concerned with lumber and timber, cotton-seed products, printing and publishing, oil-refining and allied products, flour and grist milling, and food preparations. The lumber production was 1,350,000,000 ft. for 1918, when Texas ranked sixth in this industry, as it had done in 1910 and 1915.

Commerce. The noteworthy ports are Sabine, Port Arthur, Orange, and Beaumont in the Sabine district, importing chiefly crude oil, and exporting refined oil and oil products; and Houston, Texas City, Freeport, and Galveston in the Galveston district, which export cotton, .grain and sulphur. Houston is a new port, opened in