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conquest of Gaul. In Cæsar's Aquitania, as might be expected from the open and defenceless country, the maximum change has taken place. Out of the eight departments into which it is now divided, only one (Landes) presents the Basque characters, and these have probably been preserved by the vast stretches of sand which have acted as a barrier against invasion.

Fig. 113.—Physical Characters of the French People. (Broca.)

The enormous preponderance of Basque characters in the district between the Garonne and Loire is shown in the fact that out of a total of twenty-eight departments