mouth of Thames, 19; on Eocene mammals (note), 26; on the lower Eocene birds, 28; on the ape, Dryopithecus Fontani, 58.
Owl, snowy, 219.
Ox (Bos etruscus), 83; (Bos), first appearance, 87; (Urus), 127; (Bos palæindicus), 166; wild, 257; of the Neolithic age, 297, 298.
P
Palæolithic tribes, 5; implements in the Thames valley, 156; implements found at Battersea and Hammersmith, 159; implements in the late Pleistocene river beds, 163; Inter- glacial (note), 171; man in the Victoria Cave (note), 187; men of the caves of Somerset, 193; of Kent's Hole, 194; age, subdivisions of, proposed by de Mortillet, 199. See also River-drift man and Cave-man.
Palermo caves, flint flakes, etc., found by Falconer, 205.
Palestine, River-drift man in, 165, 166.
Palms, Meiocene, 50; dwarf fan, 50; feather, 51; Palmacites, 25, 48; Flabellaria, 26; Nipadites, 26.
Palstave, Nettleham, Lincolnshire (fig.), 350; bronze, tin mine, Villeder (fig.), 404.
Panicum miliaceum (common millet), 301.
Papaver somniferum antiquum (poppies), 301.
Parroquets, 55.
Parrot, M. J., on the Grotte de l'Eglise, 198 ; researches into the caves of the Vezère (note), 202.
Parry, on the Eskimos and their dead, 235.
Partridge, gray, 219.
Paton, on the discovery of mammoth in Caithness, 152.
Pears, 302.
Peas (Pisum sativum), 301
Pengelly, on the lignites of Bovey Tracey (note), 47; exploration of Kent's Hole, 194; conclusions as to two sets of implements representing two social states, 198; on submerged forest of Torbay, 251; on stalagmite (note), 264.
Pennington, Rooke, specimens of bones, etc., from Windy Knoll, 188.
Personal ornaments in the Iron age, 428.
Perthes, Boucher de, researches in strata of the Somme valley, etc., 163.
Pharaoh, Thothmes III., hunts elephants in 16th century B.C., 107.
Pheasants, 59, 61; introduced by the Romans, 489
Philip of Macedon, gold staters of, 437.
Phillips, J. A., on a mode of reducing tin ore at Zamora, Spain, 401; analysis of ancient bronzes, 410.
Phœnicians and their influence, 451; possessed no art of their own, 455; in the west, 456; spread of commerce in Britain, 457.
Physical relations of forest bed (fig.), 130; characters of the French people (map), 326.
Physique of Neolithic population in Britain and Ireland, 309; of Bronze-folk in Britain, 315.
Pick, miner's, Grimes Graves (fig.), 277.
Pierson, W., history of amber (note), 417.
Pika (Lagomys), 40, 96, 98.
Pike incised on canine of bear, Duruthy cave (fig.), 219.
Pile-dwellings, 291, 292; in Bronze age in Britain, 352.
Pin Hole, Cresswell Crags, superstition connected with, 176.
Pinus abies (spruce fir), 145; plutonis (fir tree), 49; sylvestris, montana, 145.
Pisum sativum (peas), 301.
Placental mammals, invasion of Europe by, the starting-point for inquiry into the ancient history of man, 14.
Pleiocene stage of the Tertiary period, characteristics of, 9; group of the Tertiary strata, 10; period, biological and physical changes in north- western Europe before the arrival of man, 70-93; strata of Britain, 71; grouping of, 72; age, geography of Britain in the, 72; (map), 73; mountains, 74; rivers, 75; (lower) mammalia of France, 79; flora, 77; climate, 78; mammalia in Britain, 84; (upper) mammalia of France, 80; of Italy, 83; (upper) mammalia (fig.), 86; man, evidence of, in France and Italy unsatisfactory, 90.
Pleistocene period, stage of the Tertiary period, characteristics of, 10; definition of, 94; survivals from Pleiocene period, 9; incoming living species of temperate habit, 96; incoming Arctic species, 99; incoming species
