that example they were united in a young man, a private tutor named Dippold, of superiour intellectual qualities and careful education, who made two lads (committed to his care "by negligent parents) lead such lives of martyrdom as only an unnatural monster would do. Beatings, exposure to weather, brutalities of all kinds, with sexual abuse of the two helpless little fellows, left in a lonely country-home, ended in the death of one of the boys—Heinz Koch, aged thirteen. Dippold was arrested for murder, and his sex-relations to the boys were elicited. The story horrified a wide European public. Dippold was sentenced to eight years of severe imprisonment.
Pederastic affairs in boys' schools often take the colour of such brutal crimes. The robbery of newly-made graves, and the outrages on corpses also are due to this same hideous instinct. The topic is somewhat foreign to the purposes of the present study. It can be pursued by the reader in numerous studies of sadism, masochism, and so on, by psychiatric specialists.
De Sade.
The name of the Marquis de Sade (1740-1814), a Parisian and a member of aristocratic society in the latter years of the eighteenth century, and in the first part of the Napoleonic period, has passed into such psychiatric literature for degeneracy connected with erotic monomania. De Sade strongly suggests Grilles de Rais. In his case, maniacal heterosexualism and maniacal homosexualism are more fairly in balance. De Sade was perceptibly a Dionian-Uranian. From a career of early military distinction he passed swiftly to such an existence of debauch, to so prolonged an orgy of erotism, that madness was inevitable. The reader can review for himself the perversities of this man (a graceful, quiet-mannered type even when maniac) with masochistic passions for flagellation, torture, blood and aphrodisiacs, as part of the sexual act. His novels "Justine" and "Julie" have no literary vigour; interest-
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