printed in 1822 and again in 1864—a copy of the reprint being in the Library of Congress. The work is famous as one of the best provincial gazetteers of the Ch'ing period. After its completion Chiang Fan left Canton for Yangchow. Always indifferent to worldly gain, he spent his declining years in poverty.
An ardent exponent of the School of Han Learning (see under Ku Yen-wu and Hui Tung), Chiang Fan attempted to draw a sharp line between the methods of this school and those of other schools which he strongly opposed. About 1812 he produced a notable work, 國朝漢學師承記 Kuo-ch'ao Han-hsüeh shih-ch'êng chi, 8 chüan, consisting of biographies of 56 scholars of the School of Han Learning. It traces the relationship of the various representatives of the school to each other and describes the contributions which each made. This work was published by Juan Yüan at Canton in 1818 and was several times reprinted. Certain editions have an appendix containing two other works by Chiang Fan: Kuo-ch'ao ching-shih ching-i mu-lu (經師經義目錄), 1 chüan, a bibliography of important works on the Classics by Ch'ing scholars; and Kuo-ch'ao Sung-hsüeh yüan-yüan chi (宋學淵源記), 2 chüan, consisting of biographies of 40 adherents of Sung Neo-Confucianism (Sung-hsüeh or 理學 Li-hsüeh) in the Ch'ing period. Though written with a strong partisan bias, the above-mentioned works are noteworthy as the first attempt to set forth systematically the history of classical scholarship in the Ch'ing period.
Chiang Fan wrote a supplement (pu 補) in 4 chüan to Hui Tung's Chou-i shu, which he completed about 1784. It was printed in the Huang-Ch'ing ching-chieh. In the field of ancient history he left two works: one, entitled 隸經文 Li ching wên, 4 chüan, a collection of essays on ancient institutions; the other, entitled 樂縣考 Yüeh-hsüan k'ao, 2 chüan, a study of ancient musical instruments. Both were printed in the Yüeh-ya t'ang ts'ung-shu (see under Wu Ch'ung-yüeh). In addition to the above-mentioned works the following by him may be mentioned: Êr-ya hsiao-chien (小箋), 3 chüan, a study of terms and passages in the Êr-ya (see under Ku Kuang-ch'i) whose exegesis is doubtful; 半氊齋題跋 Pan-chan chai t'i-pa, 2 chüan, a collection of bibliographical and epigraphical notes; and 炳燭室雜文 Ping-chu shih tsa-wên, 1 chüan, a collection of prose. These works were printed in various collectanea. An introduction to classical studies, entitled 經學入門 Ching-hsüeh ju-mên, 8 chüan, published under Chiang Fan's name, is believed to have been written by others.
[2/69/37a; 7/36/17a; Morimoto Sugio 森本杉碓, 清朝儒學史概說 Shinchō jugaku-shi gaisetsu (1930) pp. 117–22; Liang Ch'i-ch'ao 梁啟超, 中國近三百年學術史 Chung-kuo chin san-pai nien hsüeh-shu shih (1926) passim; Min Êr-ch'ang 閔爾昌, 江子屏先生年譜 Chiang Tzŭ-p'ing hsien-shêng nien-p'u (1931).]
CHIANG Hsiang 姜瓖 d. Oct. 4, 1649, a native of Yü-lin, Shensi, was stationed in 1644 as a brigade-general of the Ming army at Hsüan-hua, in northern Chihli, when the rebel leader Li Tzŭ-ch'êng [q. v.] attacked that city on his march to the capital. Chiang surrendered, but three months later when the Manchus were taking Peking he seized the opportunity to attack Li's adherents in Shansi and to capture the city of Ta-t'ung. The Manchus made him military administrator for the district, and he remained in that capacity until the end of 1648 when suddenly he set up the standard of revolt and with the aid of other rebel leaders threatened the safety of Taiyuan. Government troops under the leadership of Dorgon, Nikan (d. 1652), and Ajige [qq. v.] gradually suppressed the revolt, and on October 4, 1649, the besieged and starving garrison of Ta-t'ung murdered Chiang and surrendered the city.
[2/80/34b.]
CHIANG Kuang-hsü 蔣光煦 (T. 日甫, 愛荀, H. 生沐, 放庵), 1813–1860, bibliophile and scholar, was born of a good family in Chia-shih (蛺石), a town in the district of Hai-ning, Chekiang. After the death of his father, about the year 1822, he was brought up with great care by his mother. As he advanced in his studies he took an interest in collecting books and in criticizing texts. In these matters he was influenced much by Ch'ien T'ai-chi [q. v.] with whom he was on intimate terms throughout his life. By 1841 Chiang's collection, in his studio named Pieh-hsia chai 別下齋, is said to have reached some 50,000 chüan. On the basis of this rich collection he edited two collectanea of rare works: Pieh-hsia chai ts'ung-shu and 涉聞梓舊 Shê-wên tzŭ-chiu, each containing about 25 items. These two collectanea were printed seriatim during the second
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