Inspired thus to resume the study, he began to arrange and improve his old notes with a view to expanding the Tu-li t'ung-k'ao (which dealt only with the rites of mourning 喪禮) and to produce a work covering all the rites, as was once suggested by the philosopher Chu Hsi (see under Hu Wei). After thirty-eight years of labor he finished in 1761 the 五禮通考 Wu-li t'ung-k'ao, or "Comprehensive Study of the Five Rites", in 262 chüan. The "five rites" in question, derived from a classification in the Institutes of Chou (周禮 Chou-li), are: Chi-li 吉禮, rites employed in sacrifice; Chia-li 嘉禮, rites for festive occasions; Pin-li 賓禮, rites proper to host and guest; Chun-li 軍禮, rites for military circles; and Hsiung-li 凶禮, rites for death and misfortune. Under these broad categories are seventy-five subdivisions, and all the data are arranged, as far as possible, chronologically. A section from the Chia-li, entitled 觀象授時 Kuan-hsiang shou-shih, was included in the Huang-Ch'ing ching-chieh (see under Juan Yüan). In the preparation of the Wu-li t'ung k'ao Ch'in Hui-t'ien had the assistance of such scholars as Fang Kuan-ch'êng, Lu Chien-tsêng, and Ch'ien Ta-hsin [qq. v.]. The work not only received notice in the Imperial Catalogue but was copied into the Ssŭ-k'u Manuscript Library (see under Chi Yün). Ch'in's literary collection, entitled 味經窩類稿 Wei-ching wo lei-kao, is said to consist primarily of essays on the classics.
Ch'in Ying 秦瀛 (T. 淩滄, 小峴, H. 遂庵, 1743–1821), a great-great-grandson of Ch'in Sung-ling and grandnephew of Ch'in Hui-t'ien, was a chü-jên of 1774. He served as provincial judge of Chekiang (1797, 1800), of Hunan (1800–02), and of Kwangtung (1804–05); as governor of the Peking Metropolitan Area (1806–07); and as a vice-president of the Board of Punishments (1807–08, 1810). A famous writer of prose and poetry, Ch'in Ying left several works, including a biographical account of the successful candidates of the first po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ examination, entitled 己未詞科錄 Chi-wei tz'ŭ-k'o lu, 12 chüan, printed in 1807. He was also the chief compiler of a gazetteer of his neighborhood, entitled Wu-hsi Chin-k'uei hsien-chih (縣志), 40 chüan, printed in 1813. His son, Ch'in Hsiang-yeh 秦緗業 (T. 應華, H. 澹如, 1813–1883), was the chief compiler of the 1881 edition of the same gazetteer.
The Ch'in family owned a celebrated garden, Chi-ch'ang yüan 寄暢園, situated in the hills of Wu-hsi known as Hui-shan, 惠山. This garden was first built early in the sixteenth century, and was used as a hsing-kung 行宮, or "travelling palace", by Emperors Shêng-tsu and Kao-tsung on their tours to the south.
[1/310/5b; 3/81/19a; 7/17/12b; Wu-hsi Chin-k'uei hsien chih (1881) 21/32a; 3/118/17a (for Ch'in Sung-ling); 3/135/36a (for Ch'in Tao-jan).]
CH'IN Liang-yü 秦良玉 (T. 貞素) d. 1648, age 75?, woman leader of the Ming loyalists, was a native of Chung-chou, Szechwan. Her father gave her much the same literary and military training that he gave her brothers, Ch'in Pang-p'ing 秦邦平 (d. 1621) and Ch'in Min-p'ing 秦民平 (d. 1624), and enjoined them to be loyal to the Ming dynasty. Ch'in Liang-yü became the wife of Ma Ch'ien-ch'êng 馬千乘, a native chieftain or t'u-ssŭ 土司 of Shih-chu 石砫, Szechwan, whose ancestors had received from the Sung Emperor Kao-tsung, about 1130 A.D., the hereditary rank of hsüan-fu shih 宣撫使. The couple gained some military fame when they used their troops, which were known as pai-kan ping 白桿兵, to quell a local rebellion in 1600. About fifteen years later Ma was falsely accused of treason and died in prison at the age of forty-one (sui). Because his son, Ma Hsiang-lin 馬翔麟, was still young, the rank of hsüan-fu shih was transferred to the widow. When Liaotung was threatened by the Manchus in 1620 the emperor commanded her to dispatch a detachment of her troops to Manchuria. She sent her brothers with several thousand recruits, but shortly after the fall of Shên-yang (Mukden) on May 4, 1621, they sufferred overwhelming defeat at Hun-ho (near Shên-yang). Ch'in Pang-p'ing was killed and Ch'in Min-p'ing escaped with wounds. She herself, coming too late to be of assistance, was ordered to return to Szechwan to enlist more soldiers. She reached home in time to assist the governor of the province in suppressing the rebellion of Shê Ch'ung-ming 奢崇明 (d. 1629), for which she was given the rank of brigade-general. Her son, Ma Hsiang-lin, was given the rank of hsüan-wei shih 宣慰使, one grade higher than the hereditary hsüan-fu shih. Her brother was advanced to the rank of colonel, but was killed in a battle with bandits in 1624.
After the Manchus succeeded in taking several cities near Peking in 1630 Emperor I-tsung again summoned her army to strengthen the defense at the capital. The quarter in Peking in which her troops were encamped is still called Szechwan ying 四川營, or "Szechwan Camp". At an
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