reprinted in 1909 by Wu Yin-p'ei 吳蔭培 (T. 樹百, H. 穎芝) with four additional chüan of Ho's letters to his scholarly brother, Ho Huang 何煌 (T. 心友, H. 小山, 1668–after 1741). These letters yield valuable information on the life of Ho Ch'o from the time of his release (late in 1715) until a few months before his death in 1722. An appendix to the 義門先生集 I-mên hsien-shêng chi gives a list of 381 of his pupils, among whom may be mentioned: Shên T'ung [q. v.] who wrote his biography; Ch'ên Ching-yün 陳景雲 (T. 少章, d. 1747, age 78 sui) who also collated a number of important books; and Chiang Kao 蔣杲 (T. 子遵, b. 1683, d. age 49 sui, chin-shih of 1713), a famous bibliophile; Hsü Pao-kuang (see under Wang Chi); Chin Nung (see under Hang Shih-chün); and Chiang Kung-fei 蔣恭棐 (T. 維卿, H. 廸甫, 1690-1754).
[1/489/30b; 2/71/27a; 3/123/1a; 4/47/9a; 4/133/4b; 5/38/24b; 20/2/00 and I-mên hsien-shêng chi for portrait; 26/1/42a; 29/3/4b; Ssŭ-k'u, 118/10b, 119/6a; Yeh Ch'ang-ch'ih, Ts'ang-shu chi-shih shih (see under P'an Tsu-yin) 4/54b; Fifth Annual Report of Nanking Kuo-hsüeh Library (1932) has a facsimile of his handwriting, and reproduces nine of his seals.]
HO-ho-li. See under Hohori.
HO Kuo-tsung 何國宗 (T. 翰如, 約齋), d. 1766, official and mathematician, was a native of Ta-hsing (Peking). After passing his chin-shih examination in 1712 he was appointed a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy and was ordered to study mathematics. In 1713 he was made a collator in the Mêng-yang chai (see under Fang Pao) and then an editor of the newly-commissioned compendium on the calendar, mathematics, and music, which is known under the collective title 律歷淵源 Lü-li yüan-yüan. It comprises three works: 歷象考成 Li-hsiang k'ao-ch'êng, in 42 chüan, on the calendar; 數理精蘊 Shu-li ching-yün, in 53 chüan, on mathematics; and 律呂正義 Lü-lü chêng-i, in 5 chüan, on music. The collection was printed in 1723 with a preface by Emperor Shih-tsung, together with an official list of the collaborators. In addition to Ho Kuo-tsung and Mei Ku-ch'êng [q. v.], who were chief editors, the list gives the names of Yin-lu and Yin-chih [qq. v.] as princes in charge; Fang Pao [q. v.] and two assistant editors, Ku-tsung (see under Gubadai) and Minggantu 明安圖 (T. 靜庵); eight inspectors (考測); fifteen calculators (校算); and fifteen collators (校錄). Most of the work was based on western theories, methods, and tables of calculation introduced at the close of the Ming dynasty (see under Hsü Kuang-ch'i). The fifth chüan of the Lü-lü chêng-i, devoted exclusively to western music, is the work of Thomas Pereira 徐日昇 (1645–1708) and Theodore Pedrini 德理格 (1670–1746). It is said that this collection, like the encyclopaedia, Ku-chin t'u-shu chi-ch'êng (see under Ch'ên Mêng-lei), was originally compiled by a secretary of Yin-chih who presented it to Emperor Shêng-tsu, but that by order of Emperor Shih-tsung the names of the original editors were suppressed (see under Yin-chih and Ch'ên Mêng-lei).
Meanwhile (1713) Ho Kuo-tsung was made a Hanlin compiler. After several promotions, he was in 1725 appointed by Emperor Shih-tsung a sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat and ordered, in the same year, to inspect conservancy work along the Grand Canal. The inspection lasted about a year, and Ho's suggestions for repairing several dikes and deepening certain parts of the river were approved. However, he was degraded for reporting extravagant sums for travel, and in 1727 was appointed to the lower rank of director of the Court of Judicature and Revision. In 1728 he was reinstated, and two years later was made junior vice-president of the Board of Works. He was again sent (1730) to inspect and supervise conservancy work along the Grand Canal, but when charged with having committed errors that resulted in floods he was deprived of all offices.
In 1737 Ho Kuo-tsung memorialized Emperor Kao-tsung on the necessity of revising and enlarging the afore-mentioned Li-hsiang k'ao-ch'êng. Seven years previously discrepancies between the calculations in that work and actual observations were noted by the Catholic missionaries, Ignace Kögler 戴進賢 (1680–1746) and André Pereira 徐懋德 (1690–1743), director and associate director respectively of the Imperial Board of Astronomy. These missionaries were thereupon authorized to add new charts to the work. Ho Kuo-tsung's purpose in submitting the memorial was to issue a supplementary work explaining these charts and making the necessary revisions. Ho was then ordered to serve on the editorial board assisted by Ku-tsung, Chang Chao [q. v.], Mei Ku-ch'êng, Minggantu, Kögler, and André Pereira. The new work, completed in 1742, was entitled Li-hsiang k'ao-ch'êng hou-pien (後編), in 10 chüan. In 1741 Ho was ap-
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