On March 22, 1888 he introduced a Westernized postal system such as existed on the mainland only in treaty ports. A telegraph line had been previously laid (1877) between Taipeh and Anping (Ampin) by Ting Jih-ch'ang [q. v.]. Liu extended this line to Kelung in 1887, and in 1888 laid a submarine cable between Tamsui and Foochow. During the years 1887–91 he constructed a railway between Taipeh and Kelung. The work of extending this line to Hsinchu (Shinchiku) was begun in 1888 and was completed in 1893, two years after he left the island. Though only 62 miles long, this Formosan line was one of the first railways to be operated on Chinese territory. Liu also opened under government supervision a commercial steamship line between Formosa, China, India and the South Seas, obtaining (1888) for this purpose two steamships from British merchants in Singapore. In all the above-mentioned undertakings for modernization the materials were imported chiefly from Great Britain and the technical work was carried out by European engineers in Liu's employ. Finally he established two schools at Taipeh, one primarily for instruction in English (1887) and the other for the training of telegraph operators (1890).
Being a soldier of fortune who rose to high position through native ability, Liu Ming-ch'uan was free from the traditional conservatism and self-interest which characterized many Chinese officials of his time. Moreover he was too liberalminded and practical to be moved by prejudice against Western culture. High officials in Peking, however, became troubled by his radical reforms in Formosa, and compelled him to relinquish his post in July 1891. His conservative successors allowed most of his enterprises to lapse. Thereafter he lived in retirement at his native place, nursing his health which had suffered greatly through his war experiences and his prolonged residence in a malarial climate. He found relaxation in Chinese chess of which he is said to have been an expert player. In 1894 when the Sino-Japanese war broke out, he was summoned by the emperor, but excused himself on the ground of ill health. He died several months after the cession of Formosa to Japan, and was canonized posthumously as Chuang-su 壯肅. He left a collection of memorials to the throne arranged in 22 chüan. This collection was later revised by Ch'ên Tan-jan 陳澹然 and published under the title Liu Chuang-su kung tsou-i (公奏議) preface by the latter dated 1906.
[1/422/3a; 2/59/50a; 8/24上/8b; Appendix to the Liu Chuang-su kung tsou-i; Ch'ên Yên 陳衍, 石遺室文集 Shih-i shih wên-chi (1913), 1/5a; Hsiang chün chi, chüan 10, 16 (see bibliography under Tsêng Kuo-fan); Chiao-p'ing Yüeh-fei fang-lüeh (see under I-hsin), passim; Chiao-p'ing Nien-fei fang-lüeh (sce under Li Hung-chang), passim; Inō Yoshinori 臺灣巡撫としての劉銘傳 Taiwan-jumbu to shite no Ryū Meiden (1915) and 臺灣文化志 Taiwan bunka shi (1929), 3 vols. passim; Yano Jinichi 矢野仁一, 髮賊亂の經過及び平定 and 捻匪の亂 in Kindai Shina shi (1926); Maurice Loir, L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet (1886), pp. 89–101, 182 243, and 291–317; Dodd, J., Journal of a Blockude Resident in North Formosa, during the Franco-Chinese War, 1884–85 (1888); Davidson, J. W., The Island of Formosa, Past and Present (1903) pp. 217–56].
LIU Pao-nan 劉寶楠 (T. 楚楨, H. 念樓), Mar. 9, 1791–1855, Nov. 13, scholar and official, was a native of Pao-ying, Kiangsu. His father, Liu Li-hsün 劉履恂 (T. 廸九, H. 雲陔, 1738–1795), a cousin of Liu T'ai-kung [q. v.], was given late in life the rank of archivist of the Imperial Academy. A collection of Liu Li-hsün's notes on the Classics, entitled 秋槎雜記 Ch'iu-ch'a tsa-chi, 1 chüan, was printed in the Huang-ch'ing ching-chieh (see under Juan Yüan). Having lost his father when he was only five (sui), Liu Pao-nan was brought up by his mother and studied diligently under his brother, Liu Pao-shu 劉寶樹 (T. 幼度, H. 鶴汀, chü-jên of 1807, d. 1839), and his second-cousin, Liu T'ai-kung. After becoming a hsiu-ts'ai in 1806 Liu Pao-nan resided for a few years in Yangchow where he studied for a time at the An-ting (安定) Academy. His life-long friendship with Liu Wên-ch'i [q. v.] began at this time. Owing to his mother's death in 1811 Liu Paonan returned to his native place and in 1813 began his teaching career. In 1817 he returned to Yangchow where he tutored during the following years. After living about a year (1822–23) in Peking in the home of Wang Hsi-hsün (see under Wang Chung), he spent the years 1823–26 at I-chêng, Kiangsu. Thereupon he moved to Yangchow where he remained until the winter of 1832, absenting himself only once when he visited (1831–32) Anking to correct examination papers. In 1833 he went to Pao-ting, Chihli,
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