strenuously defended his master's interests. Chao's part in it, however, was ignored by Tuan.
In 1773 Tai Chên was called to Peking as one of the editors of the Imperial Library, Ssŭ-k'u ch'üan-shu (see under Chi Yün), and in the following year he submitted to the throne his edition of the Shui-ching chu, claiming that he had made use of a hitherto unknown edition buried in the encyclopaedia, Yung-lo ta-tien (see under Chu Yün). His work received much attention and was published by imperial command. In the meantime Chao's work, the Shui-ching chu shih, was also submitted to the throne and was transcribed into the Imperial Library. About the year 1786 a son of Chao, named Chao Tsai-yüan 趙載元, a protégé of Pi Yüan [q. v.] then governor of Honan, induced Pi to finance the printing of the Shui-ching chu-shih. The work appeared in 1794 with the already-mentioned Shui-ching chu chien k'an-wu appended to it. It is reported that the scholar who helped the sons of Chao I-ch'ing to prepare it for the press was Liang Yü-shêng [q. v.]. In 1809 Tuan Yü-ts'ai, believing that his master's rights had been infringed, wrote a letter to Liang accusing him of having helped the sons of Chao to appropriate Tai's material on the Shui-ching chu with a view to perfecting the Shui-ching chu-shih. This letter induced others to look into the matter, with the result that the Shui-ching chu-shih is recognized as Chao's own work and one which Tai utilized.
Wei Yüan [q. v.] was the first scholar of the eighteenth century openly to accuse Tai Chên of having used Chao's then unpublished manuscript of the Shui-ching chu shih without giving Chao due credit. Wei's views were supported about the same time by Chang Mu [q. v.], and more recently by Yang Shou-ching (see under Li Shu-ch'ang), by Wang Kuo-wei (see under Wên T'ing-shih), and by Mêng Sên 孟森 (T. 心史). The last-mentioned scholar maintains that there is no evidence in Tai's work to show that he utilized the Yung-lo ta-tien. On the contrary, he believes that Tai drew almost entirely on the labors of Chao, but failed to give him due credit. In Mêng's opinion Tuan's contentions were based chiefly on hearsay and cannot be substantiated.
In the year that Chao I-ch'ing's Shui-ching chu shih was printed (1794) there also appeared a collection of his short articles in prose, under the title 東潛文稿 Tung-ch'ien wên-kao, in 2 chüan. He compiled a catalogue of the family library, with the title Hsiao-shan t'ang ts'ang shu-mu (藏書目), 2 chüan. He is credited with a supplementary commentary on the official history of the Three Kingdoms, entitled 三國志注補 San-kuo chih chu pu, 65 chüan, the manuscript of which is in the Kuo-hsüeh Library, Nanking. It was recently reproduced in facsimile (see under Hang Shih-chün).
[1/490/6a; 2/71/60a; 3/434/11a; 杭州府志 Hang-chou fu chih (1922) 145/35b; Chêng Tê-k'un 鄭德坤, Shui-ching chu yin-tê (引得 1934); idem, 水經注趙戴公案之判決 in Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies, no. 19 (June, 1936); Mêng Sên, 楊守敬所舉趙氏水經注釋轉襲戴氏嬚疑辨 in Bulletin of the National Library of Peiping, vol. 10, no. 5 (1936); various editions of Shui-ching chu; Tung-ch'ien wên-kao; Ch'üan Tsu-wang [q. v.], Kung-chü chêng shih lu; idem, Chi-ch'i t'ing chi, wai-pien; 國學季刊 Kuo-hsüeh chi-k'an, vol. 5 no. 4 (1935).]
CHAO Liang-tung 趙良棟 (T. 擎之, H. 西華), Nov.–Dec., 1621–1697, Mar. 26, general, was a native of Sui-tê, Shensi. In 1645 when the Manchu forces conquered Shensi he joined them, was enlisted under Mêng Ch'iao-fang [q. v.] and before long was made a captain with headquarters at Ninghsia (then in Kansu). From this time he made his home at Ninghsia and came to be considered a native of that district. After several promotions he became, in 1656, a colonel and adjutant to Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou [q. v.], then commander of the armies fighting the remnant Ming forces in southwest China. In 1662 he was made brigade-general stationed at Kuang-lo, Yunnan, and was transferred to P'ing-yüan, Kweichow, in 1665; to Ta-t'ung, Shansi, in 1669; and to Tientsin in 1672. Soon the rebellion of Wu San-kuei [q. v.] and other generals brought turmoil to South China and to Shensi (see under Wang Fu-ch'ên). In 1676 Chao was recommended by Chang Yung [q. v.] as competent for the post of commander-in-chief of the forces at Ninghsia, and his appointment was approved. He stabilized Ninghsia and northern Kansu, and in the course of three years trained an army of five thousand men. In 1679 he volunteered to lead these men in the recovery of Szechwan and Yunnan, and was granted his plea. Under the general command of Tuhai [q. v.], he led one of the four armies that went southward, the other three being commanded by Tuhai himself, Sun Ssŭ-k'o [q. v.], and Wang Chin-pao 王進寶 (T.
77
