shun in opposing the claim of the two Empresses to be supreme regents. When Su-shun fell, Tu Han was cashiered and was sentenced to exile, but the sentence was not carried out. With him ended the power of one of the most influential families in China in the nineteenth century.
[1/391/1a; 2/41/1a; 7/25/12a; Pin-chou chih (1860) 10/14a, 11/御製 10b, 行狀又 13a; Tz'ŭ-lin chi-lüeh (see under Shên T'ing-fang); Ch'ing-ch'ao yeh-shih ta-kuan (see bibl. under Li Hung-tsao), p. 64; see bibl. under Su-shun.]
TU Yüeh 杜越 (T. 君異, H. 紫峯, 文定先生), Dec. 12, 1596–1682, Jan. 4, scholar and calligrapher, was born in the village of Tung-chiang, a district of Ting-hsing, Hopei. His father, Tu Chien 杜鑑 (T. 衡宇), was a military chü-jên of 1609. Tu Yüeh studied under his townsman, Lu Shan-chi (see under Sun Ch'i-fêng). As a student he was distinguished for his genius and was given by his teacher the appellation Chün-i 君異, "exceptional person." During the imprisonment of Wei Ta-chung, Tso Kuang-tou (for both see under Yang Lien) and Chou Shun-ch'ang 周順昌 (T. 景文, H. 蓼洲, 1584–1626)—who were held on false charges by Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.]—Tu and his life-long friend, Sun Ch'i-fêng, collected money among friends in order to save their lives. At the risk of his own life he hid Wei Ta-chung's son, Wei Hsüeh-i 魏學伊 (T. 子敬), and Chou Shun-ch'ang's close friend, Chu Tsu-wên 朱祖文 (T. 完夫, H. 三復居士), in his home, until the danger was past. This act of courage brought him nation-wide fame. After the change of dynasty, he lived in seclusion and taught in the neighboring district of Hsin-an. He was recommended to take the po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ examination of 1679, but on his way to Peking he met Fu Shan [q. v.] and like the latter declined to participate in the examination, giving as his reason excessive age. He was permitted to return home with the honorary title of Secretary of the Grand Secretariat. His collected works, entitled 紫峯集 Tzŭ-fêng chi, in 14 chüan, containing his poems and essays, were compiled by his student, Yang Chan 楊湛.
[Ting-hsing hsien-chih (1799) 8/33b, (1890) 11/21a; 2/66/4a; 3/125/5a; 7/48/5b; 10/10/10a; 15/8/15b; 17/1/4a; 30/3/6b; 32/4/7b.]
T'U-hai. See under Tuhai.
T'U-li-ch'ên. See under Tulišen.
TUAN-chung, Prince. See under Bolo.
TUAN-fang 端方 (T. 午橋, H. 陶齋), Apr. 20, 1861–1911, Nov. 27, official, was a member of the Manchu Plain White Banner, but not a full-blooded Manchu. His Chinese ancestors, who bore the clan name T'ao 陶, moved late in the Ming period from Hsiu-shui, Chekiang, to South Manchuria where they became Manchu subjects, adopted the clan name Tohoro 托活絡, and were enrolled in a Banner. After the Manchus conquered China, the direct ancestors of Tuan-fang resided in Fêng-jun, Chihli. His father, Kuei-ho 桂和 (T. 樂舫), was magistrate of Luan-ch'êng, Chihli; and his uncle, Kuei-ch'ing 桂清 (T. 蓮舫), a learned scholar, was a tutor of Emperor Mu-tsung. Tuan-fang became an honorary licentiate late in his teens, and served for a few years as a second-class secretary and then as an assistant director of a department in the Board of Works. He obtained his chü-jên degree in 1882, but before he was promoted he was forced to relinquish his post to observe the period of mourning for the death of his parents. Meanwhile his talents were recognized by Chang Yüeh 張曜 (T. 亮臣, H. 朗齋, posthumous name 勤果, 1832–1891), then governor of Shantung (1886–1891), who memorialized the throne to offer Tuan-fang a post in Shantung which the latter declined. In 1896 Tuan-fang was appointed inspector of customs at Kalgan, the commercial town on the border of Hopei and Inner Mongolia. After about a year of service in this office he was made (1898) intendant of the Pa-Ch'ang Circuit in Chihli. A few months thereafter, when the Hundred Days of Reform were in progress (see under T'an Ssŭ-t'ung), he was ordered (July 1898) to superintend the Nung-kung-shang tsung-chü 農工商總局, or Bureau of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, which was established to promote modern industrial enterprises. But about two months later, when the reforms were ended by the conservatives under Empress Hsiao-ch'in [q. v.], the Bureau was abolished (October 9). Though Tuan-fang lost his position, unlike his radical fellow-officials he escaped punishment by writing a poem which pleased Empress Hsiao-ch'in. Late in the same year (1898) he obtained appointment as judicial commissioner of Shensi, and in October of the following year was made acting governor of that province. In 1900 he was appointed financial commissioner of Honan, but before he set out for
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