fighting the Nien rebels was first entrusted to Tsêng Kuo-fan and later to Li Hung-chang [qq. v.]. The rebels were finally suppressed in 1868.
[1/215/8b; 1/410/1a; 2/45/1a; 8/16上0/1a; Hsiang-chün chih, chüan 14 (see bibl. under Tsêng Kuo-fan); Chung-kuo chin-pai-nien shih tzŭ-liao ch'u-pien (see under Li Hsiu-ch'êng); I-hsin [q. v.], Chiao-p'ing nien-fei fang-lüeh; Leavenworth, Charles, S., The Arrow War with China (London, 1901); Woolseley, G. J., Narrative of the War with China in 1860 (1862).]
SHA-êr-hu-ta. See under Šarhûda.
SHANG Chih-hsiao 尚之孝, d. 1696, age 57 (sui), was the third son of Shang K'o-hsi [q. v.]. His childhood was spent with his father in Kwangtung, where the latter ruled as an independent prince, and where in 1674 Shang Chih-hsiao received a commission as general in the frontier army. Sent by his father to check the spread of the San-fan Rebellion (see under Wu San-kuei) into Kwangtung, he won several victories over the enemy and was rewarded by the Emperor in 1675 with the title, P'ing-nan Ta Chiang-chün 平南大將軍, or Generalissimo who Pacifies the South. After an ineffectual siege of Ch'ao-chou lasting more than a year he was defeated by the rebel commander, Liu Chin-chung 劉進忠, who was assisted by Chêng Ching, son of the famous Chêng Ch'êng-kung [qq. v.]. He retired to Hui-chou, but was soon forced to leave because his elder brother, Shang Chih-hsin [q. v.], had joined forces with the rebels. In 1677, after the latter had reaffirmed his loyalty to the government, Shang Chih-hsiao went to Peking and was given a seat on the supreme military council. In order to wipe out the shame of his former losses in Kwangtung he asked to be sent with 3,000 recruits against the rebels who were still strongly entrenched in southern China. He received a commission as Hsüan-i Chiang-chün 宣義將軍 (General who Propagates Righteousness), and then went with the forces of Labu [q. v.] into Kiangsi. Here he was active from 1678 to 1680, returning in the latter year to Peking. When the death sentence was meted out to his brother, Shang Chih-hsin, in the winter of that year, it was suggested that he be included in the general punishment; but by command of the Emperor he was pardoned and resumed his seat on the council. In 1681 he received permission to attend to the burial of his father in Liaotung, but when he failed to return, after an absence of more than two years, he was condemned as disloyal and was deprived of official position. He died in 1696.
Shang Chih-hsiao is considered to have been the second recipient of the hereditary title of prince which had been conferred on his father, Shang K'o-hsi. In 1674 he was appointed to succeed to the title in place of his dissolute elder brother; but fearing the latter, he did not assume full powers, letting the control of the princedom remain in the hands of his father.
[1/240/13a; 2/5/32b; 3/276/5a; 11/8/10a.]
SHANG Chih-hsin 尚之信, d. 1680, age 45 (sui), was the second son of Shang K'o-hsi [q. v.] Through the early death of his elder brother he became heir, and in 1654, at the age of nineteen (sui), was sent to Court to be in attendance on Emperor Shih-tsu. The latter treated him with honor out of regard for the services of his father, and ordered that in matters of Court etiquette he should be considered to have the rank of duke. Similar consideration was shown him by Emperor Shêng-tsu. In 1671, at the request of his father who was ailing in health, Shang Chih-hsin was sent to Kwangtung to take charge of military affairs under his father's direction. He turned out to be licentious and cruel, established a separate palace for himself, and acted in general with entire independence. During his drunken rages, he is said to have killed servants for amusement or to supply food for the large pack of dogs that he kept. In 1673 his father, reduced to desperation, petitioned the Emperor for permission to retire and leave his son in charge. Although intended as a strategic move to compel action against his son, the proposal was accepted, and preparations were made to retire at the same time other powerful independent princes of the South. Before Shang K'o-hsi had left Kwangtung the rebellion of Wu San-kuei [q. v.] began, the latter being joined by Kêng Ching-chung [q. v.] in Fukien.
When one of the subordinate generals who was stationed at Ch'ao-chou went over to the rebels in 1674, Shang Chih-hsiao [q. v.], third son of Shang K'o-hsi, was sent to restore order. Shang Chih-hsin, who accompanied him, was irked at receiving a commission inferior to that of his younger brother. Two years later, when the rebellious forces pressed on Kwangtung from
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