entitled 長眞閣集 Ch'ang-chên ko chi, 7 + 1 chüan. She is known as a painter of orchids and as a pupil of Yüan Mei who declared her to be, up to his day, the best poetess of the Ch'ing period. A great-great-grandson of Sun Yüan-hsiang was the well-known writer, Sun Hsiung 孫雄 (original ming 同康, T. 師鄭 H. 鑄翁, 味辛老人, 1866–1935), chin-shih of 1894 and a member of the Hanlin Academy. He taught in the Department of Liberal Arts of Peking University from about 1907 to 1911, and produced several collections of verse and prose, among them the following: 詩史閣壬癸詩存 Shih-shih ko jên-kuei shih-ts'un, 6 + 1 chüan, printed in 1924; 舊京詩存 Chiu-ching shih-ts'un, 8 chüan, and Chiu-ching wên-ts'un (文存), 8 chüan, both printed in 1931; and 鄭齋類稿 Chêng-chai lei-kao. He also prepared an anthology of the poets of the later Ch'ing period from 1821 to 1908, entitled 道咸同光四朝詩史 Tao, Hsien, T'ung, Kuang, ssŭ-ch'ao shih-shih, in 2 series, each in 8 chüan. The first series was printed early in 1911, and the second a year later. Sun Hsiung's wife, Chang Yüan-mo 張元默 (T. 蕙芬), has produced a collection of verse, entitled 雙修閣詩存 Shuang-hsiu ko shih ts'un.
[1/490/16b; 5/76/10a; 20/4/00; 29/8/10a; 19/癸下/1a; 21/6/1a; Ch'ên Shou-ch'i [q. v.], Tso-hai wên-chi 10/16a; Li Chao-lo [q. v.], Yang-i-chai wên-chi 10/21b; Wan-ch'ing i shih-hui (see bibl. under Huang T'i-fang) 192/42a.]
SUN Yüan-hua 孫元化 (T. 初陽, 火東), d. Sept. 7, 1632, official and mathematician, known in Jesuit accounts as Ignatius Sun (or Sung), was a native of Chia-ting, Kiangsu. He received the degree of chü-jên in 1612. Having studied some Western mathematics and the use of firearms under Hsü Kuang-ch'i [q. v.], he presented in 1622, after the fall of Kuang-ning (see under Wang Hua-chên) to the Manchus, a memorial on the defense of the frontiers with the aid of cannon. His suggestions were adopted by Sun Ch'êng-tsung in 1622 and, in 1626 by the eminent soldier, Yüan Ch'ung-huan [qq. v.]. In 1630, because of his familiarity with the situation in Manchuria, he was made governor of Tengchow and Laichow in the Shantung peninsula where many Manchurian troops on the Ming side were encamped. A detachment of these soldiers, led by Kêng Chung-ming and K'ung Yu-tê [qq. v.], rebelled on January 19, 1632, and Sun, in a vain attempt to bring about peace, lost the opportunity of putting down the revolt. On February 22 the city of Tengchow, where Sun resided, fell into the hands of rebels and he was captured. He was spared by the rebels, because of his former kindness to them, and was allowed to go free. But soon afterwards he was arrested by the Ming government, court-marshalled and executed, despite the protests of his friend and patron, Hsü Kuang-ch'i. Sun wrote, in addition to other works, several treatises on geometry and military science. Two works by him on geometry—both in manuscript—are listed in the Ch'ih-ching chai shu-mu (see under Ting Jih-ch'ang).
A grandson, Sun Chih-mi 孫致彌 (T. 愷似, H. 松坪, 1642–1709), a chin-shih of 1678, attracted notice in 1678 because—though he was then only a student in the Imperial Academy—he was specially selected as one of the envoys sent on a mission to Korea to collect poetry there. He achieved some note also as a poet and a calligrapher.
[Chia-ting hsien-chih (1742) 8/31b, 10 shang 20a, (1880) 16/32b; M.1/248/19b; M.3/245/2b; 3/121/24a; Mao Pin [q. v.], P'ing-p'an chi; Li Yen, "A Bibliography of Mathematical Works by Ming Authors" (in Chinese), T'u-shu kuan hsüeh chi-k'an (Library Science Quarterly), vol. 1, p. 122f.; T'oung Pao, 1934, pp. 89, 182; Pfister, Notices Biographiques etc., p. 177.]
SUNG Ch'ing 宋慶 (T. 祝三), 1820–1902, general, was a native of P'êng-lai, Shantung. Early in life he joined the regular army stationed in his native place. In 1853 his contingent was sent to Anhwei to combat the Taiping army which had captured Anking. The magistrate of Pochou in northwestern Anhwei was Sung's fellow townsman and therefore retained him as a guard. Sung distinguished himself by pacifying a group of bandits at Po-chou, and so came to the notice of Yüan Chia-san [q. v.], then commander of the troops in northern Anhwei. In 1855, for warding off a bandit attack on Po-chou, Sung was made a lieutenant in command of three hundred men. Two years later he was ordered to serve in Honan, but in 1860 was called back to Anhwei by Yüan Chia-san. In co-operation with Ch'ên Kuo-jui [q. v.] he turned back the Taiping army near Fêng-yang, and won several other battles. In 1861 he was rewarded with the rank of brigade-
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