niSTOBY.J tube which bears his name ; and if we admit that Ingras- sias anticipated him in the knowledge of the third bone of the tympanal cavity, the stapes, he is still the first who described the internal and anterior muscles of the malleus, as also the stapedius, and the complicated figure of the cochlea. He is the first who studied accurately the anatomy of the teeth, and the phenomena of the first and second dentition. The work, however, which demonstrates at once the great merit and the unhappy fate of Eustachius is his Anatomical Engravings, which, though completed in 1552, nine years after the impression of the work of Vesalius, the author was unable to publish. First com municated to the world in 1714 by Lancisi, afterwards in 1744 by Cajetan Petrioli, again in 1744 by Albinus, and more recently at Bonn in 1790, the engravings show that Eustachius had dissected with the greatest care and diligence, and taken the utmost pains to give just views of the shape, size, and relative position of the organs of the human body. The first seven plates illustrate the history of the kidneys, and some of the facts relating to the structure of the ear. The eighth represents the heart, the ramifications of the vena azygos, and the valve of the vena cava, named from the author. In the seven subsequent plates is given a succession of different views of the viscera of the chest and abdomen. The seventeenth contains the brain and spinal chord ; and the eighteenth more accurate views of the origin, course, and distribution of the nerves than had been given before. Fourteen plates are devoted to the muscles. Eustachius did not confine his researches to the study of relative anatomy. He investigated the intimate structure of organs with assiduity and success. "What was too minute for unassisted vision he inspected by means of glasses. Structure which could not be understood in the recent state, he unfolded by maceration in different fluids, or rendered more distinct by injection and exsiccation. The facts unfolded in these figures are so important that it is justly remarked by Lauth, that if the author himself had been fortunate enough to publish them, anatomy would have attained the perfection of the 18th century two centuries earlier at least. Their seclusion for that period in the papal library has given celebrity to many names which would have been known only in the verifica tion of the discoveries of Eustachius. umbus. Eustachius was the contemporary of Vesalius. Columbus 13. and Fallopius were his pupils. Columbus, as his immediate successor in Padua, and afterwards as professor at Rome, distinguished himself by rectifying and improving the anatomy of the bones ; by giving correct accounts of the shape and cavities of the heart, of the pulmonary artery and aorta and their valves, and tracing the course of the blood from the right to the left side of the heart ; by a good description of the brain and its vessels, and by correct understanding of the internal ear, and the first good account of the ventricles of the larynx. lopius. Fallopius, who, after being professor at Pisa in 1548, and at Padua in 1551, died at the age of forty, studied the general anatomy of the bones ; described better than heretofore the internal ear, especially the tympanum and its osseous ring, the two fenestrce and their communication with the vestibule and cochlea ; and gave the first good account of the stylo-mastoid hole and canal, of the ethmoid bone and cells, and of the lacrymal passages. In myology he rectified several mistakes of Vesalius. He also devoted attention to the organs of generation in both sexes, and dis covered the utero-peritoneal canal which still bears his name. 15-80 Osteology nearly at the same time found an assiduous cultivator in John Philip Ingrassias, a learned Sicilian physician, who, in a skilful commentary on the osteology of Galen, corrected numerous mistakes. He gave the first 809 distinct account of the true configuration of the sphenoid and ethmoid bones, and has the merit of first describing 1546. the third bone of the tympanum, called stapes, though this is also claimed by Eustachius and Fallopius. The anatomical descriptions of Vesalius underwent the Aranzi. scrutiny of various inquirers. Those most distinguished 1530-89 by the importance and accuracy of their researches, as well as the temperate tone of their observations, were Julius Caesar Aranzi, anatomical professor for thirty-two years in the university of Bologna, and Constantio Varoli, physician to Pope Gregory XIII. To the former we are indebted for the first correct account of the anatomical peculiarities of the fcetus, and he was the first to show that the muscles of the eye do not, as was falsely imagined, arise from the dura mater, but from the margin of the optic hole. He also, after considering the anatomical relations of the cavities of the heart, the valves, and the great vessels, corroborates the views of Columbus regarding the course which the blood follows in passing from the right to the left side of the heart. Aranzi is the first anatomist who describes distinctly the inferior cornua of the ventricles of the cerebrum, who recognises the objects by which they are distinguished, and who gives them the name by which they are still known (liippocampus) and his account is more minute and perspicuous than that of the authors of the subsequent century. He speaks at large of the choroid plexus, and gives a particular description of the fourth ventricle, under the name of cistern of the cerebellum, as a discovery of his own. , Italy, though rich in anatomical talent, has probably few Varolius greater names than that of Constantio Varoli of Bologna. 154 5. Though he died at the early age of thirty-two, he acquired a reputation not inferior to that of the most eminent of his contemporaries. He is now known chiefly as the author of an epistle, inscribed to Hieronymo Mercuriali, on the optic nerves, in which he describes a new method of dissecting the brain, and communicates many interesting particulars relating to the anatomy of the organ. He observes the threefold division of the inferior surface or base, defines the limits of the anterior, middle, and posterior eminences, as marked by the compartments of the skull, and justly remarks that the cerebral cavities are capacious, communicate with each other, extending first backward and then forward, near the angle of the pyramidal portion of the temporal bone, and that they are / olded on themselves, and finally lost above the middle and inferior eminence of the brain. He appears to have been aware that at this point they communicate with the exterior or convo luted surface. He recognised the impropriety of the term corpus callosum, seems to have known the communication called afterwards foramen Monroianum, and describes the hippocampus more minutely than had been previously done. Among the anatomists of the Italian school, as a pupil 1534. of Fallopius, Eustachius, and Aldrovandus, is generally enumerated Volcher Goiter of Groningen. He distin guished himself by accurate researches on the cartilages, the bones, and the nerves, recognised the value of morbid anatomy, and made experiments on living animals to ascer tain the action of the heart and the influence of the brain. The Frutefull and Necessary Brief e Worke of John Halle (1565), and The Englishemaris Treasure, by Master Thomas Vicary (1586), English Avorks published at this time, are tolerable compilations from former authors, much tinged by Galenian and Arabian distinctions. A more valuable compendium than either is, however, that of John Banister (1578), entitled The Historic of Man, from the most approved Anathomistes in this Present Age. The celebrity of the anatomical school of Italy was Fabriciu worthily maintained by Hieronymo Fabricio of Acquapen- deiite. who, in imitation of his master Fallopius, laboured
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