to find supporters. Reference has already been made to the theory of Renan and Hausrath, which leads them to assign this epistle to the period of the second missionary journey. Apart from the considerations which have been indicated in a preceding note, this view is open to the objection that it raises new and gratuitous difficulties in connexion with the history and chronology of the Acts; it has accordingly met with comparatively little acceptance. According to some older writers, such as Michaelis, Koppe, Berger, the supposed absence of any reference to the council of Jeru- salem implies a very early date; English readers, on the other hand, are familiar with the statement derived from some of the later Greek )lSS., and supported by the Syriac and Arabic versions, as well as by the weighty authority of Eusebius, Jerome, and Theodoret, that the epistle was “ written from Reine.” This View has been advocated in nioderu times also by C. Schrader ; but the general verdict will probably continue to be, as it has for seine time been, adverse to a theory which would group this among the
letters of the captivity rather than among those of an earlier period.On the relation of Galatians to the book of the Acts of the Apostles, see vol. i. pp. 124, 125.
Literature.—Foi' an interesting and detailed account of the patristic eoinmentai-ies on this epistle reference may be made to an ('X(‘lIl‘Sl1S by Bishop Lightfoot (Saint Paul’s Epistle to the flalalicms, 1865, 2d ed. 1874). Those belonging to the Reformation period are suliiciciitly well known, particularly I.uther’s, Calvin’s, and lleza’s. Of modern English commentaries the most exhaustive is tli:it of Dr Liglitfoot, already re.fcrred to; but those of Ellicott (1854), Jowctt (1855), and Alford (1857) are also of great value. ln Germany one of the latest is that of 'ieseler (C'ommrnlm' ii.be7' «Ira (}'alrilm'ln'ir'f, 1859); and among those who preceded him in this llU1(1, Wincr (Prmli ml G'alalas Epistola lat. 'L'c7'sa ct pcrpetua anno- Irttioiie 2'lIu.stral(t, 1829, 4th ed. 1859), Usteri (Comm. it. cl. Galatcr- lu'1'rf, 1833), Riickert (1833), Olshausen (1840), Do Vette (1845, 3d ed. 1864), Meyer (1851, 5th ed. 1870), Ililgenfeld (1852), and Ewald (Die Scn(l.scln'cil2c7L (lcs Aposlels Paulus iil)crscf:t mid erlclcirt, 1857) are all worthy of particular mention. Wiiidiselimanii’s /,'om:ncnla7' (1843) is an able and learned exposition from the lloinaii Catholic point of view. See also Ilolsten (lnlialt 2:. Garlan- lvngu/1_r/ (Ics Br. (L. zl. G'alater, 1859), Ilofniaiiii (Die lm'Iz'ge Selirzfl A'mu*n Tc.sta.n2enls zusa-mnicnlzii/igeausl aiisgclrgl, 1863), Braiides (D. A12. P. S('mlsclz7'cz'l)en a. (l. G'a.late7', 1869), Sanday (vol. ii. of Com- ’))l(,)1l(()']/ ed. by Bp. Ellicott), and Venn (On. (lie Epistle to the Gala- l'.'(z7I.¢, 1878). Much help in the interpretation of the epistle is to be derived from the various works on the apostle Paul and the apostolic. period of church history; also from those on New Testa- ment Introduction, such as IIilgeiifeld's (Ei'n.l., 1875) and l’»leek's (£011., 1875).
GALATINA, a town of Italy, in the province and cireondario of Lecce, on the road from Otranto to Taranto. It still preserves its ancient walls and towers, and possesses an interesting Franciscan church and monastery (St Cathariiie’s), founded in the 14th century by Rainiondo Orsiiii del Balzo, prince of Taranto. The frescos with which the church is richly decorated are of no small his- torical value. For a long time the inhabitants were attached to the Greek Church. In 1871 they numbered 7873.
GALATZ, or Galacz, a town and port of Roumania, principality of Moldavia, chief town of the district of Covurlin, on the left bank of the Danube (there 2000 feet wide), between the mouths of the Pruth and Sereth, about 85 miles from the Sulina mouth of the Danube, and 130 miles NE. of Bucharest, with which it is connected by rail, lat. 45° 26’ 12" N ., long. 28° 3' E. Galatz is said to have got its name from a colony of the same Galatians who invaded Asia Minor in 278 13.0., though this seems doubt- ful. The town stands on a level plateau, and consists of two portions, an old and a new. The former, which is nearest to the river, is irregularly and badly built, with crooked streets paved with wood, some of them being regular sewers. This part of the town is liable to be flooded, and, as in the greater part of Roumania, the sanitary con- ditions are bad. The new town, which has rapidly extended during the past few years, is built on the rising ground towards the north-west. It is partly paved, is much more open and comfortable than the old town, and contains most of the public buildings, consulates, &c. Galatz is now to a considerable extent lighted with gas, and some time ago a regular system of water-works was commenced to supply the town with purified and filtered water. There are several Roman Catholic and Greek churches, educa- tional institutions, a hospital, a quarantine building, the. In the church of St Mary is the tomb of Mazeppa, said, however, to have been rifled of its contents by the Russians. Galatz is the seat of the international com- mission instituted by the treaty of Paris, 1856, to insure the free navigation of the mouths of the Danube; and by the treaty of Berlin, 1878, Roumania is to be repre- sented on this commission, which exercises its duties as far as Galatz independently of all territorial rights. Galatz has been a favourite place for crossing the Danube with military expeditions since the time of the Roman emperors, though during the war of 1877-78 the Russians did not adopt it except for parties of reconnaissance. There are very few strictly Roumanian industries carried on at Galatz. There are several flour-mills, saw—mills, and breweries, extensive cooperage works, and soap and candle manufactories to a small extent ; light wines are also made. Galatz is an important free port-, and shares with Ibraila most of the trade of the lower Danube. The navigation of the Sulina mouth of the river has so improved that steamers of 850 tons can sail up to Galatz. There are Fi'eiieli, Austrian, Russian, and British steamboat companies that carry on a regular trade with Galatz, and attempts have been made by the municipality to construct solid stone wharfs. For the traflic generally much inconvenience is felt from want of adequate quay and warehouse accommoda- tion ; but now that Itoumania .is an iudepeiident state, im- provements may be made in this and other directions. A considerable proportion of ships unload at Sulina and send their cargoes up to Galatz in lighters. The river is generally frozen over for a few weeks during winter.
The staple article of export from Galatz is grain of various kinds, of which large quantities are grown in all the districts situated on the Danube. In 1876 281 sailing ships, 157 steamers, and 873 lighters, of an aggregate tonnage of 258,391 tons, eleai'ed from the port of Galatz. The lighters had a total of 102,564 tons, while of the remainder 13 sailing ships and 70 steamers of 49,779 tons were British. In the same year the principal articles of export were—wlieat, 313,673 qrs.; maize, 423,775 qrs.; barley, 160,443 qrs.; oats, 421,457 qrs.; rye, 167,840 qrs.; flour, 391,657 cwt.; tir planks, 766,869; besides considerable quantities of linseed, rape seed, beans, and small quantities of millet, wool, hides, cheese, and- dried prunes. Of wheat 8000 qrs. went to Britain and 19,549 to
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5 ‘qrs. .o 0 am ; ar ey 1, 1 qrs. o ri ain. _ ie 0 a value of exports from Galatz in, 1876 was £1,215,621, being a con- siderable increase over 1875. There does not seepli to 11318 illlily 1‘€t.1lI'Ii of exports by rail, though Galatz is now connecte wit t e genera European railway system. The inipoi'ts for 1876 were valued roughly at £1,750,000, among whichl I]lil1l11£aC‘t111‘0tl gOOLl:S£ figured at £354 000; surrar, £117,000; eoa £11 ,000' iron 80,000; caviare, '£66,000;° oil, £65,000; rice,’ £58,000; lcoffee: £32,000; leather, £28,000; sacking, £29,000; soap, £26,000. Galatz is to cease to be a free port on 13th January 1880, after w_hicli import duties will be imposed. Constant steam communication is_ niain- tained between Galatz and Constantinople, and regular liiiesof steamers sail from London, Liverpool, and Hul_l_. There is a British consulate at Galatz. The population in 1813 was estimated at 80,000; if this is correct, it has more than doubled itself in ten years ; it was only 8000 in 1835.
direct descent from the great orator of the .same_ name, though unconnected either by birth or adopti0n_'1tl1 the line of the first six Caesars. He owed his elevation to the growing power of the przetorians and the discontent of the
provincials, weary of Nero’s rule, and beginning to assert