wailing over the dead body of Christ. The author of these compositions is also the painter of a series of monochromes described by Sandrart in the Dominican convent, and now in part in the Saalhof at Frankfort, and a Resurrection in the museum of Basel, registered in Amerbach s inventory as the work of Grunewald.
GRUTER, or Gruytère, Jan (1560-1627), a critic
and scholar of Dutch parentage by his father s side and
English by his mother s, was born at Antwerp, December
3, 1560. To avoid religious persecution his parents while
he was still young came to England ; and for some years
he prosecuted his studies at Cambridge, after which
he went to Leyden, where he graduated M.A. In 1586
he was appointed professor of history at Wittenberg,
but as he refused to subscribe the formula concord toe he
was unable to retain his office. From 1589 to 1592 he
taught at Rostock, after which he went to Heidelberg,
where in 1602 he was appointed librarian to the university.
He died at Heidelberg, September 20, 1627. The chief
service rendered by Gruter to classical learning was in the
department of inscriptions, his principal work on which
is Inscription s antiquce totius orbis Romani, in 2 vols.,
Heidelberg, 1603. He also published editions of most of
the Latin classics, but as his critical faculty bore little pro
portion to his erudition these are of small value.
GRUYÈRE, or Gruyères (German, Greyerz), is a
small pastoral district in the Swiss canton of Freiburg,
noted for its cheese (see CHEESE and FREIBURG), which
was at one time a separate countship. It forms part
of the basin of the Saane. The old town of Gruyere,
where the counts had their castle, had only 1097 inhabit
ants according to the census of 1870, while the neighbour
ing town of Bulle had 2274. There is no mention by
that name of the counts or countship of Gruyere in any
document previous to the 12th century, but the same
f imily with the title of count of Ogo, i.e., Hoch-gau, have
been traced, though not without interruption, as far back
as 923. The new designation was due, it would appear, to
the fact that the counts of Ogo had held the post of gruyer
(gruerius) or warden of the woods and forests to one of the
later kings of Burgundy, the name of office, as in the case
of the Scotch Stewarts, gradually passing into a regular
family name. The counts of Gruyere were for the most
part a vigorous and warlike line, and their banner, with
the figure of a grue or crane, was not only a familiar object
in the local conflicts of Savoy and Switzerland but saw
good service in distant fields. Their last representative
died in exile, his possessions having been seized by his
creditors and sold to Bern in 1554.
The fortunes of the house are related with much detail in Hisely s "Histoire du Comtede Gruyere," which occupies vols. ix. , x. , and xi. of the Memoires de la Soc. dhistoire de la Suisse Romandc, Lau sanne, 1838, &c. See also Bonstetteu, Brie) "c iibcr tin Schwcizcr- isclics Hirtcnland, Basel, 1782 ; H. Charles, Course dans La Gruyere, Paris, 1826.
GRYNÆUS, or Gryner, Johann Jakob (1540-1617),
a learned theologian of the period immediately succeeding
the Reformation, was born, October 1, 1540, at Bern,
where his father Thomas, nephew of Simon Grynaeus,
was at that time a teacher of theology, was educated at
Basel, and in 1559 received an appointment as curate
to his father who had become pastor of Roteln in Baden.
In 1563 he proceeded to Tubingen for the purpose of
completing his theological studies, and in 1565 he re
turned to Roteln as successor to his father. Here, as
the result of much reading and reflexion, he felt com
pelled to abjure the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord s Supper,
and to renounce the Formula Concordice. Called in 1575
to the chair of Old Testament exegesis at Basel, he became
involved in unpleasant controversy with Simon Sulzer and
other champions of Lutheran orthodoxy; and in 1584 he
was glad to accept an invitation to Heidelberg, where two
years were spent. Returning to Basel in 1586 as autistes
or superintendent of the church there, he exerted for
upwards of twenty-five years a very considerable influence
upon both the church and the state affairs of that com
munity, and acquired a wide reputation as a skilful theo
logian of the school of Zwingli. Five years before his
death, which occurred August 13, 1617, he had the mis
fortune to become totally blind, but he continued to preach
and lecture to the last.
His numerous works include commentaries on various books of the Old and New Testament, Tkcologica thcorcmata et prdblcmata (1588), and a collection of patristic literature entitled Monumcnta S. Patrum Orthodoxographa (2 vols. fol., 1569).
GRYNÆUS, Simon (1493-1541), a learned theologian
of the Reformation, was born in 1493 at Vehringen, in his
fourteenth year was sent to school at Pforzheim, and sub
sequently studied at the university of Vienna, where he
graduated as master of arts, and for some time acted as
tutor. He next became rector of a school at Ofen (Buda),
but as an avowed sympathizer with Reuchlin and Erasmus
lie was not permitted by the Dominicans to retain this post
long. After an interval spent at Wittenberg with his old
school friend Melanchthon, he became professor of Greek
in the university of Heidelberg in 1525; with the duties
of this post he from 1526 combined those also of the Latin
chair. In 1529 the friendship of CEcolampadius obtained
for him a call to Basel as successor of Erasmus ; the com
pletely disorganized state of the university at that time gave
him abundant leisure not only for private study but also
for a tour to England, where he charged himself with the
task of obtaining the opinions of the Reformed theologians
upon the subject of the king s divorce. On his return to
Basel in 1531, the year of the death both of Zwingli and
of CEcolampadius, he began as theological professor to give
exegetical lectures on the New Testament ; and in 1534 he
was summoned by Duke Ulrich of Wiirtemberg to assist
in the reformation there, and especially in the reorganization
of the university of Tiibingen. In 1536 he took an active
part in the framing of the first Helvetic confession, and
also in the conferences held with the purpose of inducing
the Swiss to accept the concord of Wittenberg, which had
also been drawn up in that year. He was the sole repre
sentative of the Swiss churches at the conference of Worms
in 1540. His death took place suddenly at Basel on
August 1, 1541. In Greek philology Grynseus was one of
the first scholars of his day. In theology he was more of
a theoretical than of a practical turn ; but his profound
erudition and singularly penetrating judgment gave him
great influence among the more active spirits of the time.
In literature his chief contributions were translations into
Latin of Plutarch, Aristotle, and Chrysostom. See Streu-
ber s Simonis Gryncei Epistolce (1847), where a full list of
his works is given.
GRYPHIUS, Andreas (1616-1664), German poet, was born at Grossglogau, Silesia, on the llth of October, 1616. His youth fell in the period of the Thirty Years War, which began in 1618, when he was two years old. After spending five years at school in various towns, he returned to his native place in 1636, and became tutor in the family of Palsgrave George von Schonborn, who crowned him laureate and granted him a patent of nobility. In 163P he went to the university of Leyden, where he spent six years, at first as a student, afterwards as a tutor. Having travelled through France and Italy in association with a young Pomeranian, and lived a year in Strasburg, he went back to Silesia, and in 1650, at the age of thirty-four,, was made syndic of the principality of Glogau. This office, the duties of which he faithfully discharged, he held till his death in 1664. He was a man of deeply melancholy
