£3,564,750, or £2262 per head, and that of the rural parishes £1,831,620, or £1233 per head. Like the neighbouring part of France, Guernscy still possesses numerous traces of its early inhabitants, in the form of sepulchral caves, dolmens, and maenhirs. The most remark- able group of the second class is in the north at Ancresse. Details will be found in Mr Lukis’s paper in vol. i. of the Archeological Journal, and in vols. i, and viii. of the Journal of the Archwolozical Association, as well as in the special chapter in Dr Ansted’s Channel Islands. The island is usually identified with the Sarnia of the latter Roman writers. Its present name would appear tuo be a corruption of the Norse for Green Isle. For details on its history see Channel Islands. An account of a number of its more eminent natives, many of whom have served with high distinction in the British army, will be found in Sarnia, or brief Memorials of many of her Sons, Guernsey, 1862. Among the better known families are the Sau-
marezes, the Tuppers, and the Careys.
Besides the works referred to under Channel Islands, see Documents rélatifs a l'istle de Guernsey, Guernsey, 1814; Views of Guernsey, with descriptive letterpress, Edinburgh, 1867; John Jacob, Annals of the Bailiwick of Guernscy, London, 18380; Le Marchant, Laws and Customs of Normandy as used in Royal Court of Guernsey.
GUERRAZZI, Francesco Domenico (1804–1873), Italian writer aud politician, was born at Leghorn, August 12, 1804. He studied law at Pisa, and happened to become acquainted there with Byron, who produced a very strong impression on his lively imagination. Having taken his degree in law, he went back to Legborn to practise hts pro- fession, but engaged at the same time in literary pursuits. In 1827 he published his first novel, Zhe Battle of Benevento, a work displaying powerful imagination and strong patriotic feeling. While exiled in 1834 to Portoferraio, on the island of Elba, he wrote /sabella Orsint and The Siege of Florence, the latter producing great enthusiasm in Italy. The two compositions which followed, Veronica Cibo aud The New Tartufes, are of inferior value. In 1844 Guerrazzi was again exiled to Portoferraio. When the revolution broke out in 1848, he was named deputy, then president of the counsel of ministcrs, and finally, in the beginning of 1849, along with Moutanelli and Mazzoni, triumvir and dictator of Tuscany. He had to expiate these few months of power by years of imprisonment and exile. He was banished first to Corsica, where he wrote Deatrice Cenei, The Tower of Nonza, and Fides ; and then to Genoa, where he composed the Memento Homo, The Hole in the Wall, Messer Arlotto Afainardi, Paolo Pellicione, The [talian Plutarch, The Lives of Andrea Doria, Francesco Fer- ruccio, Pasquile Paoli, The Siege of Rome, and The Ass (L’Asino), a humorous work, When the kingdom of Italy was constituted, Guerrazzi was several times sent to parlia- ment as deputy. Towards the end of his life he with- drew toa villa he had on the sea-shore, near Cecina, not far from Leghorn, where he wrote his novel entitled The Dying Century. He died there on the 25th September 1873, and was buried in the church of Montenero, near Leghorn. His letters are being collected for publication under the direction of the poet Joseph Carducci.
See Guerrazzi’s own Apology, Florence, 1851; Bosio, . D. Guerrast and his Works; De Gubernatis, Ricordi Biografici, Florence, 1873; and Corona, F. D. Guerrazzi, Biella, 1873.
GUERRERO, formerly Tixtla, the chief town of the state of Guerrero, Mexico, is situated at an elevation of about 5000 feet in a narrow and unheaithy valley in the Sicrra Madre, 28 miles from the coast and 150 miles 8. W. of Mexico. Mining is carried on, but not to any great extent, and coarse cloth is manufactured. The population in 1869 was 6501.
GUESCLIN. See Du Guesclin.
GUEVARA, Antonio de (c. 1490-1545), Spanish chronicler and moralist, was a native of the province of Alava, and passed some of his earlier years at the court of Queen Isabella. In 1528 he entered the Franciscan order, and he afterwards accompanied Charles V. during his journeys and residencies in Italy and in other parts otf Europe. After having held successively the offices of court preacher, court historiographer, bishop of Guadix, and bishop of Mondofiedo, he died in 1545. iis earliest work, entitled Relox de principes, o Marco Aurelio, published in 1529, and, according to its author, the fruit of eleven years’ labour, is a kind of romance designed, after the manner of XNenophon’s Cyropedia, to delineate in a somewhat ideal way for the benefit of modern sovereigns the life and character of an ancicnt prince distinguished for wisdom and virtue. It was very often reprinted in Spanish; and before the close of the century had also been translated into Latin, Italian, French, and English. It is difficult now to account for its extraordinary populanty,—its thought being neither just nor profound, while its style is stiffand affected. It gave rise to a literary controversy, however, of great bitterness and violence, the author having ventured without warrant to claim for it an historical character, appealing to an imaginary “manuscript in Florence.” Other works of Guevara are the Decada de los Césares, or * Lives of thie Tea Roman Emperors,” in imitation of the manner of Plutarch and Suetonius; and the “/pistolas Familiares, sometimes called “The Golden Epistles,” often printed in Spain, and translated into all the princip:l Janguages of Europe. They are in reality a collection of stiff and formal essays which have long ago fallen into merited oblivion (see Ticknor, L/ist. of Span. Lit., vol. ii.).
In Spanish literature occurs also the name of Luis Velez de Guevara (1570–1644), who is said to have written nearly 400 comedies, of which however only a few, and these of little value, have been preserved. ‘This Guevara is chiefly noteworthy as having been the author of a prose romance entitled £0 Diablo Cojuelo, which suggested to Le Sage the ideas and materials of his Viable DBotteur.
of this name, the most celebrated of them being Pietro, born at Massa Carrarain May 1727. He received lus first. musical education from his father, and afterwards studied under Durante at the Conservatorio di San Loretto, Naples. His first operatic work was produced at Turin in 1755, and the success was such as falls to the lot of few primary efforts. Gugliclmi’s reputation was thenceforth established, and soon his fame spread beyond the limits of his own country, so that in 1762 he was called to Dresden to conduct the celebrated opera there. He remained for some years in Germany, where his works met with much success, but the greatest. triumphs were reserved for him in England. He went to London in 1772, and stayed there five years, returning to Naples in 1777. He still continued to produce operas at an astounding rate, but was unable to compete successfully with the younger masters of theday. Jn 1793 he became maestro di capella at St Peter’s Cathedral, and died at Rome, November 19, 1804. He was a very prolific composer, and occupies a respectable if not absolutely first- rate position among the earlier masters of Italian comic op2ra. There is indeed in most of his scores a vein of humour and natural gaicty not surpassed by Cimarosa him- self. In serious opera he was less successful. But here also he betrays at least the qualities of a competent musician. Considering the enormous number of his works, his unequal workmanship and the frequent instances of mechanical and slip-shod writing in his music need not surprise us. The following are among the most celebrated of his operas :-—
T due gemelli, La serva inamorata, La pastorella nobule, La