GUINEA-PIG. See Cavy.
GUINGAMP, a town of France, capital of an arrondis- sement in the department of Cétes-du-Nord, is situated in a large and rich valley on the right bank of the Trieux, 20 miles W.N.W. of St Brieuc. It was formerly surrounded by walls, portions of which still exist. It has a library, a milseum, a prison, and a hospital dating from the 17th century, enlarged in 1830, and having within its grounds an old oak of immense size, There are also several old buildings of interest, including the beautiful church of Notre Dame du Bon-Secours, portions of which date from the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries respectively, and which has been lately restored ; four pillars of the tower of the chapel of Saint Leonard, dating from the 11th century; and the Ursuline convent, dating from the 17th century, now used as a cavalry depot. The beautiful fountain in the Place de Plomb, constructed by Italian artists in the 15th century, was replaced in 1743 by the present struc- ture. The town has minafactures of ginghams (to which it gives the nam), linen fabrics, thread, leather, and hats ; and there is som? trade in wine, brandy, cattle, and agri- cultural produce. Guingamp originally belonged to the dukes of Penthiévre, and was inherited from them by King Louis Philipps. The population in 1876 was 7895.
GUIPUZCOA, the smallest and most densely peopled of the three Bisque provinces of Spain, is bounded on the N. by the Buy of Biscay, on the W. by the province of Bis- cry, on the 8. aad S.E. by Alava and Navarre, and on the N.E. by the Bidasoa, which separates it from France. Its area is nearly 723 square miles, and in 1870 its estimated popalation was 180,743. Situated on the northern slope of the great Cantabrian chain, the province has a great variety of surface in mountain, hill, and valley; and the scenery accordingly is highly picturesque and romantic. The coast is much indented, and has numerous harbours, but none of very great importance ; the chief are those of San Sebastian, Los Pasajes, Guetaria, Deva, and Fuenterrabia, The rivers (Deva, Urola, Oria, Urumea, Bidasoa) are all short, rapid, ani unnavigable. The mountains are for the most part coverel with forests of oak, chestnut, or pine; holly and arbutus are also common, with furze and heath in the prorer parts. The soil in tue lower valleys is generally of hird clay and unfertile ; it is cultivated with great care, but the grain raised falls considerably short of what is required for home consumption. The climate though moist, is mild, pleasant, and healthy ; fruit is produced in con- sidzrable quintities, especially apples for manufacture into “zaragiia” or cider. The chief wealth of the province arises from its mineral stores (iron, argentiferous lead, copper) anl from its excellent fisheries, which supply the neighbouring provinces (cod, tunny, sardines, oysters). The iron, which is of excellent quality, is smelted with wood. There are also considerable manufactures of wovllen and cotton fabrics, paper, and lucifer matches. The people are remarkable for their fine physique, and bold manly spirit, united with honasty, industry, energy, and enterprise. The capital of the province is San Sebastian, with a population of 17,902 in 1876. All the other towns are small, Tolosa alone having a population at all exceeding 5000 ; Fuenter- rabia no longer retains its former importance ; Mondragon is eutirely dependent on the rich iron mines in its vicinity, and Salinas, on the Deva, on its salt works. A small island in the Bidasoa, called La Isla de los Faisanes, or VIsle de la Conférence, is celebrated as the place where the marriage of the duke of Guienne was arranged between Louis XL. and Henry IV. in 1463, where Francis I. the prisoner of Charles V. was exchanged for his two sons in 1526, and where in 1659 “the peace of the Pyrenees ” was concluded between D. Luis de Haro and Cardinal Mazarin.
The early history of Guipuzcoa, as of the other Basque provinces, is still the subject of much learned research. Never wholly subdued by the Romans, the Celtiberi in their mountain fastnesses continued to preserve their independence after the fall of the Western Empire until the times of the West-Gothic kings Leovigild (580) and Wamba (672–681). Nominally subject to Charlemagne at a later period, they were prompt to avail themselves of the first opportunity to assert their full independence ; their alliance with the Moors, and its results at Roncesvalles are prominent facts in mediseval history. About the 11th century the inhabitants of the Basque districts emerge as organized into a somewhat free confederation of detached republics, owning allegiance to a sefior or lord, but under definite constitutional guarantees (fueros). In 1202 Guipuzcoa accepted as its lord Alphonso VIII. of Castile, and for many centuries it ranked as a distinct ‘‘sefiorio” attached to the Spanish crown. The last of its distinctive fueros was abolished in July 1876.
GUISBOROUGH, or Gisborough, a market-town of England, North Riding of Yorkskire, is situated in a narrow but fertile valley at the foot of the Cleveland Hills, 4 miles from the mouth of the Tees and 10 miles E.8.E. of Middles- borough. It consists chiefly of one wide and handsome street, having many good houses. The principal buildings are the parish church, which though partly rebuilt in 1791 and thoroughly renovated in 1875, lias some remains of an ancient structure ; the free grammar school, founded in 1561; the town-hall, recently much improved and enlarged ; the mechanics’ institute, the hospital for old men and women, and the hospital for accidents erected lately by Admiral Chaloner. The ruins of the Austin priory, founded in 1129, are beautifully situated near the eastern extremity of thetown. The accumulation of rubbish has been recently removed from its foundations and floors, and a large unmber of interesting relics discovered. Among the historic }erson- ages who were buried wiihiu its walls was Robert the Bruce, lord of Annandale, the competitor for the throne of Scot- land with John Baliol, and the grandfather of King Robert Bruce. The town within late years has been rapidly in- creasing, on account of tie iron mines in its neighbourhood: and it has also tanneries and breweries. Alum works were established in the reign of Queen Elizabeth by Sir Thomas Chaloner, who introduced the manufacture of alum into England from Italy ; but they have been long discontinued. About a mile south-east of the town there is a sulphurous spring discovered in 1822, efficacious in cutaneous, rheu- matic, and bilious complaints. The population of the town in 1871 was 5202, and in 1879 about 6500.
GUISCARD. See Robert Guiscard.
GUISE, a fortified town of France, department of the Aisne, arrondissement of Vervins, is situated on the left bank of the Oise, 13 miles N.W. of Vervins. It was for- merly the chief town of the Thiérache, a district in the extreme north of France, bordering on Hainault. It has an old castle dating from the 16th century, and a palatial familistére with accommodation for 400 families. The principal industries are woollen and cotton weaving, iron and copper founding, tanning, and the manufacture of chicory and sugar. The population in 1876 was 6242.
GUISE, House of. The House of Guise, which in the 16th century suddenly rose to an eminence unrivalled in Europe, takes title from the place noticed above. The countship of Guise, a fief under the French crown, was carried in 1333 by its holder, Marie of Blois, as her dower to Rodolf, duke of Lorraine. In 1508 René J1., the con- queror of Charles the Bold, divided his territories between his sons Antony, who became duke of Lorraine, and re- ceived the Germanic part, and Claude, who had the French fief, including Guise.
well-marked family, which occupied the place that had in the fifteenth century been held by the princes of the lilies. Generation after generation we have a duke
and a cardinal side by side: they illustrate with singular