in a Paradise. His picture in the London National Gallery, a Virgin and Child with Saints, 1461, belongs also to the period of his Florentine sojourn. Another small picture in the same gallery, the Rape of Helen, is of dubious authen ticity. In 1464 Gozzoli left Florence for S. Gemignano, where he executed some extensive works ; in the church of St Augustine, a composition of St Sebastian protecting the City from the Plague of this same year, 1464; over the entire choir of the church, a triple course of scenes from the legends of St Augustine, from the time of his entering the school of Tegaste on to his burial, seventeen chief subjects, with some accessories; in the Pieve di S. Gemignano, the Martyrdom of Sebastian, and other subjects, and some further works in the city and its vicinity. Here his style combined something of Lippo Lippi with its original elements, and he received co-operation from Giusto d Andrea. He stayed in this city till 1467, and then began, in the Campo Santo of Pisa, from 1469, the vast series of mural paintings with which his name is specially identified. These are twenty-four subjects from the Old Testament, from the Invention of Wine by Noah to the Visit of the Queen of Sheba to Solomon. He contracted to paint three subjects per year, for about ten ducats each a sum which maybe regarded as equivalent to .100 at the present day. It appears, however, that this contract was not strictly adhered to, for the actual rate of painting was only three pictures in two years. Perhaps the great multitude of figures and acces sories was accepted as a set-off against the slower rate of production. By January 1470 he had executed the fresco of Noah and his Family, followed by the Curse of Harn, the Building of the Tower of Babel (which contains por traits of Cosmo de Medici, the young Lorenzo, PoHziano, and others), the Destruction of Sodom, the Victory of Abraham, the Marriages of Ptebecca and of Rachel, the Life of Moses, <fec. In the Cappella Ammanuati, facing a gate of the Campo Santo, he painted also an Adoration of the Magi, wherein appears a portrait of himself. All this enormous mass of work, in which Gozzoli was probably assisted by Zanobi Macchiavelli, was performed, in addition to several other pictures during his stay in Pisa (we need only specify the Glory of St Thomas Aquinas, now in the Louvre), in sixteen years, lasting up to 1485. This is the latest date which can with certainty be assigned to any work from his hand, although he is known to have been alive up to 1496, if not afterwards. In 1478 the Pisan authorities had given him, as a token of their regard, a tomb in the Campo Santo. He had likewise a house of his own in Pisa, and houses and land in Florence. In rectitude of life he is said to have been worthy of his first master, Fra Angelico. The art of Gozzoli does not rival that of his greatest con temporaries either in elevation or in strength, but is pre eminently attractive by its sense of what is rich, winning, lively, and abundant, in the aspects of men and things. His landscapes, thronged with birds and quadrupeds, especially dogs, are more varied, circumstantial, and allur ing than those of any predecessor; his compositions are crowded with figures, more characteristically true when happily and gracefully occupied than when the demands of the subject require tragic or dramatic intensity, or turmoil of action ; his colour is bright, vivacious, and festive. Gozzoli s genius was, on the whole, more versatile and assimilative than vigorously original ; his drawing not free from considerable imperfections, especially in the extremi ties and articulations, and in the perspective of his gorgeously-schemed buildings. In fresco-painting he used the methods of tempera, and the decay of his works has been severe in proportion. Of his untiring industry the recital of his labours, and the number of works produced, are the must forcible attestation.
GRAAL. See Grail.
GRABE, Johann Ernst (1666-1711), a learned divine of the Anglican Church, was born July 10, 1666, at Kbnigs- berg, where his father, the author of some treatises now forgotten, was professor of theology and history. In the course of his theological studies Grabe succeeded in per suading himself of the schismatical character of the Refor mation of the 16th century, and accordingly presented to the consistory at Samland a memorial in which he compared the position of the evangelical Protestant churches with that of the Simonians, Novatians, and other ancient schis matics. Hardly, however, had he resolved to join the Church of Rome, when his peace was again disturbed by Spener and others, who had pointed out some flaws in his written argument, and called his attention to the English Church as apparently possessing that apostolic succession, and manifesting that fidelity to ancient institutions, which he desired. In 1697, accordingly, he removed to London, and received priest s orders, attaching himself to the non- juring party. The learned labours to which the remainder of his life was devoted were rewarded with an Oxford de gree and a royal pension. He died on the 3d of November 1711, and in 1726 a monument was erected to him by Lord Oxford in Westminster Abbey.
Some account of Grahe s life is given by Dr Hiekes in a discourse prefixed to the pamphlet against Winston s Collection of Testimonies against the True Deity of the Son and of the Holy Ghost. His works, which show him to have been learned and laborious but somewhat deficient in critical acumen, include a Spicilcgium SS. Palrum &, Hccrdicorum (1698-99), which was designed to cover the first three centuries of the Christian church, but never was continued beyond the close of the second ; editions of Justin s Apologia friina (1700), of IreiiBeus, Adversus omnes Hcercses (1702), and of the Septuagint (Vet. Test, juxta LXX. interprets ,_ 4 vols. fol., 1707-1720); also some polemical pieces now of little importance.
GRABOW, a town of Pomerania, Prussia, government district of Stettin and circle of Randow, is situated on the Oder below Stettin, and closely adjoining its suburbs. Shipbuilding and the manufacture of machinery are the principal industries, and there is also a considerable ship ping trade. Grabow did not acquire the rank of a town till 1855. The population in 1875 was 10,238.
GRACCHUS is the name of a family of the Gens Sempronia. To this family there attaches a remarkably sweet and lovable nature, which, combined with their high character and ability, makes their history the most charming page in the Roman annals. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was appointed magister equitum after the battle of Cannae, and held the consulship in 215 and 213 B.C. During the great weakness that followed the defeat at Cannae the re solute and judicious generalship by which he ably seconded Fabius did much to maintain a courageous attitude at Rome. He raised some legions of slaves ; and his generous conduct kept them together and made them important in the war. After several successes he was betrayed by a Lucanian into the hands of Mago, and having fallen in the battle that ensued, he was honoured with a magnificent burial by Hannibal. Another Tiberius, born about 210, manied Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus, who is famous as the highest type of Roman matron. As praetor and pro praetor, Gracchus governed Hither Spain from 181 to 178. He conquered the Celtiberi, and by his magnanimous and kindly treatment of the Spaniards made a lasting impression on them. He was consul in 177 and 163. In 169, :is ci^isor, his review of the senate and equites was very strir-i but though his colleague became unpopular, Gracchus rt i:-ined as much esteemed as ever. He enjoyed a high reputation for his power of calming down internal seditions and con ciliating foreign enemies of the state. One of his daughters became the wife of Scipio Africanus the younger ; while his
two sons, Tiberius and Gams, famous besides for having determined the history of Rome at a critical point, are as re-
