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and the sculptors Scopas, Leschares, Bryaxis, and Timotheus; and though she died before its completion, they continued it with all the enthusiasm of artists. In the history of Hali- carnassus the next important events were connected with the conquests of Alexander the Great. Memnon, satrap of the west coast, having taken refuge within its walls after the battle of Granicus, it was besieged by the Macedonians, captured, and plundered. Not long afterwards we find the citizens receiving the present of a gymnasium from Ptolemy, and building in his honour a stoa or portico ; but the city never recovered altogether from the disasters of the siege, and Cicero describes it as almost deserted. The site is now occupied by the town of Budrun, but the ancient walls can still be traced in nearly all their circuit, and the position of several of the temples and public buildings can

be fixed with considerable certainty.

From the ruins of the Mausoleum sufficient has been recovered by the excavations carried out in 1867 by C. T. Newton to enable a fairly complete restoration of its design. According to Mr Pullan, Mr Newton s collaborator, the building consisted of five parts a basement or podium, a pteron or enclosure of columns, a pyramid and pedestal, and a chariot group. The basement, probably 51 feet in height, and covering an area of 114 feet by 92. was built of blocks of greenstone and cased with marble, the monotony of the plain-courses being possibly broken by one or more belts of frieze. The pteron, 374 ^ ee t in height, consisted (according to Pliny) of thirty-six columns of the Ionic order, enclosing a square cella, the walls of which were relieved by friezes. From the portions that have been recovered it appears that the principal frieze of the pteron represented combats of Greeks and Amazons. " Throughout," says Mr Newton, " there is a skilful opposition of nude and draped male and female forms ; but the groups and figures are much less intermixed than in the Parthenon and Phigalian friezes. The whole surface was coloured, the ground of the relief being ultramarine and the flesh a dim red, while the drapery and armour were picked out with various hues. " Fragments have been found of two other friezes of doubtful position in the monument, one representing a chariot race and the other a centaur fight. Above the pteron rose the pyramid, approximately 108 feet long and 86 feet wide at the base, and mounting by 24 steps to an apex or pedestal, which possibly had a length of 25 feet 6 inches and a breadth of 20 feet. On this apex stood the quadriga or chariot with the figure of Mausolus himself and an attendant deity acting as his charioteer. The height of the statue of Mausolus it has happily been preserved and forms part of the treasures of the British Museum is 9 feet 9^ inches without the plinth. The hair rising from the forehead falls in thick waves on each side of the face and descends nearly to the shoulder; the beard is short and close, the face square and massive, the eyes deep set under overhanging brows, the mouth well formed with settled calm about the lips. The drapery, consisting of a chiton and mantle, is grandly composed. Such are the main features of the great Mausoleum which deservedly ranked among the wonders of the world. The minor edifices and sculptural remains of Halicarnassus are of secondary moment. Of well-pre served inscriptions the number is comparatively few ; but one or two (such as that containing the names of Lygdamis and Panyasis) are of no small interest to the archaeologist.

For further details see Rose, Reise durch den Inseln Oriechenlandi; Hamilton s Re/tearchet in Asia Minor; and Newton s History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, 1862-3, and his Travels in the Levant, 1805.

HALIFAX, a municipal ani parliamentary borough and market-town of England, in the northern division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on a gentle acclivity almost surrounded by hills, on the small river Hebble near its junction with the Calder, 7 miles south-west of Bradford. Originally its streets were narrow and irregular, but many of the older houses have been pulled down and new streets opened up, while the constant additions made to it through the rapid increase of population have completely changed its appearance. The principal buildings are the parish church of St John, the restoration of which was completed in 1879 at a cost of XI 6,000, a structure in the Perpendicular style, of different dates, and having the western tower 117 feet in height ; All Souls Church, begun in 1859 from the designs of Sir Gilbert Scott, and erected at the expense of Mr Edward Akroyd, in the Early Decorated style, very richly ornamented with statues and carvings in Italian marble, serpentine, and alabaster, and consisting of nave, aisles, transepts, and chancel, with a very graceful tower and spire at the north-west angle 236 feet in height, and a sacristy at the north-east ; the Square Church, erected by the Con- gregationalists in 1857 at a cost of 16,000, an ornate cruciform building with a tower and elaborate crocketed spire rising to a height of 235 feet ; the town-hall, com pleted in 1863 after the designs of Sir Charles Barry at a cost of 40,000 ; the infirmary, a large and elegant build ing in which medical and surgical aid is afforded to outdoor as well as indoor patients; the Waterhouse charity school, a handsome set of buildings forming three sides of a quad rangle, erected in 1855; the Crossleyalmshouses, erected and endowed by Sir Francis and Mr Joseph Crossley ; the piece- hall, a large quadrangular structure occupying more than 2 acres of ground, erected in 1799 for the lodgment and sale of piece goods, but now used as a market for fish and vege tables ; the free grammar school, founded in 1585 under royal charter for instruction in the classical languages ; the Crossley orphan home and school, built by the Crossley brothers at a cost of 46,000 ; the museum, the oddfellows hall, the working men s college, the mechanics institute, the assembly and concert rooms, and the theatre. There are three public parks, viz., Savile Park, 50 acres in extent; the People s Park, 12J- acres, laid out in a highly ornamental style from the designs of Sir Joseph Pax ton, and presented to the town in 1858 by Sir Francis Crossley; and the Shrogg s Park, 25 acres, opened in 1877. The North Bridge, a fine structure of iron, spans the Hebble valley in two arches.

1. Workhouse. 2. Oddfellows Hall. 3. Town-Hall. 4. Mechanics Institute. 5. St John s Church. Plan of Halifax. 6. Square Church. 7. Piece Hall. 8. Post-Office, y. Museum. 10. Infirmary. 11. Theatre. 12. Prince Albert s Monu ment. 13. Crossley Orphan Home.

Halifax derives its importance from its manufactures of cloth, which began in the 15th century. It ranks in Yorkshire with Leeds, Bradford, and Huddersfield as a seat of the woollen and worsted manufacture. The principal staples are carpets, cashmeres, orleanses, coburgs, merinoes, lastings, alpacas, damasks, baizes, broad and narrow cloths, kerseymeres, blankets, muslin-de-laines, shalloons, and figured vestings. A considerable number of persons are employed in iron works, machine works, and chemical works, and in the