troversy Hartley took his place as a Detcrminist. It is singular that, as he tells us, it was only with reluctance, and when his speculations were nearly complete, that he came to a conclusion on this subject in accordance with his theory.
Hartley’s theory of reasoning is forced into agreement with the rest of his system. He declares that ‘‘ assent and dissent, what- ever their precise and particular nature may be, must come under the notion of ideas, being only those very complex internal feelings which adhere by association to such clusters of words as are called propositions... . And thus a mathematical proposition is nothing more than a group of ideas united by association,” this group of ideas including ‘‘ not only the sum of the ideas belonging to the terms of the proposition, but also those which belong to equality, coincidence, and truth.”
The remaining half of the Observations is devoted to discussion of theological questions and to practical ethics, and does not call for detailed notice. While emphatically asserting his faith in supernatural religion, in the psychological part of his work he treats, not only conscience, but also the religious emotions entirely as developments from sensation, in the same sense as the pleasures of imagination.
Clearness, freedom from redundancy, and a severe simplicity and brevity are the best characteristics of his style. ‘‘.No book,” writes Sir James Mackintosh, ‘‘ perhaps exists which, with so few of the common allurements, comes at last so much to please by the picture it presents of the writer’s character... . Whoever bestows a careful perusal on the work must be unfortunate if he does not see, feel, and own that the writer was a great philosopher and a good man.”
HARTLIB, Samuel (c. 1600–1662) was born towards the beginning of the 17th century at Elbing in Prussia, his father being a refugee from Poland. His mother was English. About 1628 Hartlib came to England, where he carried on a mercantile agency, and at the same time found leisure to enter with interest into the public questions of the day. An enthusiastic admirer of Comenius, he published in 1637 his Conatum Comenian- orum Preludia, and in 1639 Comenitz Pansophice Pro- dromus et Didactica Dissertatio. In 1641 appeared his Relation of that which hath been lately attempted to procure Ecclesiastical Peace among Protestants, and A Description of Macaria, containing his ideas of what a model state should be. During the civil war Hartlib occupied himself with the peaceful study of agriculture, printing at his own expense several treatises by others on the subject. In 1650 he issued the Discourse of Flanders Husbandry by Sir Richard Weston; and in 1651 his Legacy, or an Enlargement of the Discourse of Husbandry used in Brabant and Flanders, by Robert Child (see Agriculture, vol. i. p. 297). For his various labours Hartlib received from Cromwell a pension of £100, afterwards increased to £300, as he had spent all his fortune on his experiments. He planned a school for the sons of gentlemen, to be con- ducted on new principles, and this probably was the occasion of his friend Milton’s Zractate on Education, addressed to him in 1644, and of Sir William Petty’s Zo Letters on the same subject, in 1647 and 1648. His own literary labours were mostly confined to prefaces and short essays. Blythe, a contemporary, says that Ad. Speed, while engaged on his Zmprovements in Husbandry, was lodged and entertained by Samuel Hartlib. At the Restoration Hartlib lost his pension, which had already fallen into arrears; he petitioned parliament for a new grant of it, but what success he met with is unknown, as his latter years and death are wrapped in obscurity. 1662 has been assigned as the probable year of his death, as the latest of his extant letters bears that date.
His other publications are the following :—Considerations tending to England's Reformation in Church and State, 1647 ; Vindication of Mr John Durie, 1650; Twisse’s Doubting Conscience Resolved, 1652; A true and ready way to learn the Latin Tonguc, 1654; The Reformed Commonwealth of Bees, and the Reformed Virginan Silkworm, 1655; and The Compleat Husbandman, 1659. Sce Biographical Memoir of Samuel Hartlib, by H. Dircks, 1865 ; Gentleman's Magazine, January 1802; Warton’s Milton ; Harte’s Agricultural Essays; Donaldson’s Agricultural Biography; and Masson’s Afilton.
HARTMANN, Moritz (1821–1872), a German poet and novelist, was born of Jewish parents at Duschnik in Bohemia, October 15, 1821. He studied at Prague and Vienna, and after a tour in Italy, Switzerland, and South Germany became a teacher in Vienna. He left Austria, however, in 1844, in order to publish without danger a volume of patriotic poems entitled Aelch und Schwert, which appeared at Leipsic in 1845, and in which he gave expression to somewhat radical sentiments as regards both church and state, in language full of the fire of youthful passion and tinged with considerable poetic fancy. After residing for some years in Belgium and France, he came to Leipsic, where in 1847 he published Meuere Gedichte. On his venturing towards the close of this year to return to Austria he suffered a short imprisonment, from which he was freed by the revolution of the following March. In the same year he was chosen to represent the district of Leitmeritz in the Frankfort parliament, where he took his seat on the extreme left. In October he accompanied Blum and Fribel to Vienna, but he made his escape before the execution of Blum, and took part in the deliberations of the “Rump Parliament” at Stuttgart. In 1849 he pub- lished the Reimchronik des Pfaffen Maurizius, a satirical political poem in the style of the old chronicles. After the dissolution of the ‘Rump Parliament,” he went to Switzer- land, then to England and Ireland, and in 1850 to Paris, where, besides other literary engagements, he held that of correspondent to the Adlnische Zeitung. On the outbreak of the Russian war he became correspondent of the same paper in the Crimea, where he remained eighteen months. After several years’ residence at Paris he settled in 1860 at Ghent, where he delivered courses of lectures on German literature and history in some of the principal academies. In 1863 he removed to Stuttgart to edit the #reya, and in 1868 he undertook the editorship at Vienna of the Weue Freie Presse. He died at Oberddbling near Vienna, May 13, 1872. Hartmann published several volumes of poems in addition to those already mentioned, and besides his spirited accounts of his travels and adventures he is the author of various novels of more than average merit. A series of tales (Vovellen, 3 vols.) appeared in 1863, and a second series (Vach Natur, 3 vols.) in 1866. His collected works were published at Stuttgart iu 10 vols., 1873-74, and a selection of his poems at the same place in 1874.
HARTMANN VON AUE, a Middle High German poet, was born about 1170. He was of knightly rank, and held a fief at Aue, which was probably on the upper Neckar. He seems to have been educated in a monastery, and was able to read and write. Among his accomplishments was a knowledge of French, and as he took part in the third crusade he must be considered to have passed under-the influences which were in his time mest favourable to poetic impulse. Although his lyrics are nut without merit he excels chiefly in narrative poetry ; and the best known of his narrative poems, which was also one of the earliest, is Der arme Heinrich (* Poor Henry”). Some of the inci- dents of this tale are exceedingly repulsive, but others are marked by delicate grace and pathos. Two other tales, Evrec and Iwein, the former written before 1197 and the latter before 1204, treat of the Arthurian legend, and are based upon French poems by Chrétien de Troies. The story of each is clearly conceived, and the diction is fresh, harmonious, and animated. Hartmann has neither tlie exquisite finish and charm of Gottfried of Strasburg nor the soaring imagination of Wolfram von Eschenbach ; but he stands next to these supreme medieval writers in the power of giving artistic shape to strong feeling. He is mentioned as alive in 1207 by Gottfried of Strasburg, but in 1220 his death is deplored by Heinrich von dem Tirlein in the Arone.
