HAWES, Stephen, a minor English poet of the 16th century. Neither the date of his birth nor that of his death has been ascertained, and all the known facts of his life may be stated in a few lines. He was probably a member of a Suffolkshire family, studied at Oxford, with what success we can only conjecture, travelled in England, Scotland, and France, and having acquired the reputation of a man of culture was appointed groom of the chamber to King Henry VII. He was still alive in January 1520–21, as appears by an entry, Item to Mr Hawse for his play vj li. xiii s. iiij d. Of the play thus mentioned nothing further is known. The writer s chief work was The Historic of Graunde Amour and la Bell Pucell, called the Pastime of Pleasure, conteyning ike Knoivledge of the Seven Sciences and the Course of Man s Life, a long allegorical poem in the style of Lydgate. Its general method may be guessed from such a heading as Row Science first sent him to Gramer ivhere he teas received by Dame C ongruitie ; and, though it must be confessed that portions of the poem are better both in matter and in workmanship than might be expected, it is now of interest almost exclusively because, in "Warton s words, it is " almost the only effort of imagination and in vention which had appeared in our poetry since Chaucer." Probably written about 1506, and first printed, it is said, by Wynkyn de Worde, it afterwards went through several editions (J. Wayland, 1554; Richard Tottel, 1555; J. Waley, 1559); a reprint of Tottel s was made for the Percy Society in 1842. Among the minor poems attributed to Hawes it is sufficient to mention his Conversyon of Swerers and his Joyful Medytacyon to all Englonde of Kynge Henry the Eight. The former, a dry didactic pro duction, was printed by Wynkyn de Worde (1509 ?) and William Copland (1551). Of the latter the only copy preserved is among Bishop More s books in the public library of the university of Cambridge. Both were edited for the Abbotsford Club by David Laing (1854). For further details see Hazlitt s edition of Warton s History of English Poetry (1874), and the Percy and Abbotsford reprints.
HAWES, William (1785–1846), au English musician of some merit, is remembered chiefly by the fact that through his instrumentality Weber s Der Freischiitz was for the first time performed in England. This event took place July 24, 1824, and led eventually to Weber s removal to London. Hawes was born in London in 1785, and was for eight years (1793-1801) a chorister of the Chapel Royal, where he studied music chiefly under Dr Ayrton. He subsequently held various musical posts, being in 1817 appointed master of the children of the Chapel Royal. He also, in conjunction with Welsh, carried on the business of a music publisher, and was for many years musical director of the Lyceum Theatre, then devoted to English opera. It was in the last-named capacity that he intro duced Weber s masterpiece, at first slightly curtailed, but soon afterwards in its entirety. Winter s Interrupted Sacrijice, Mozart s Cosi fan Tuttc, Marschner s Vampyre, and other important works were also brought out under his auspices. Hawes also wrote or compiled the music for numerous pieces, none of which however has survived or deserves mention. Better were his glees and madrigals, of which he published several collections. He also superin tended a new edition of the celebrated Triumph of Oriana. Hawes died February 18, 1846.
HAWFINCH, a bird so called from the belief that the fruit of the hawthorn (Cratcegus Oxyacantha} forms its chief food, the Loxia coccothraustes of Linnaeus, and the Cocco thraustes vulgaris of modern ornithologists, one of the largest of the Finch family (Fringillidce), and found over nearly the whole of Europe, in Africa north of the Atlas, and in Asia from Palestine to Japan. It was formerly thought to be only an autumnal or winter-visitor to Britain, but later experience has proved that, though there may very likely be an immigration in the fall of the year, it breeds in nearly all the English counties to Yorkshire, and abundantly in those nearest to London. There seems also to be good reason for supposing that it is yearly extending its range in the British Islands. In coloration it bears some resemblance to a Chaffinch, but its much larger size and enormous beak make it easily recognizable, while on closer inspection the singular bill-hook form of some of its wing- feathers will be found to be very remarkable. Though not uncommonly frequenting gardens and orchards, in which as well as in woods it builds its nest, it is exceedingly shy in its habits, so as seldom to afford opportunities for observation. As the genus Coccothraustes is now commonly restricted, it includes but this single species, the Japanese form, at one time regarded as distinct, being considered by the latest authorities to be inseparable.
HAWICK, a municipal and parliamentary borough of. Roxburghshire in Scotland, 10 miles S.W. of Jedburgh, and 53 miles S.S.E. of Edinburgh by rail, is situated on the south bank of the Teviot at its junction with the Slitrig, a wild and irregular stream that flows through the town. A handsome bridge, spanning the Teviot, connects Hawick with the manufacturing village of Wilton, which is practi cally a suburb. The town is fairly well built, the main street being broad and well paved. The ancient tower of the barons of Drumlanrig is now occupied as an inn ; and many of the older houses testify by their massive propor tions to the former dangers of Hawick s position as a border town. The tower was the only building not burned down in 1570 by the earl of Sussex. The parish church of St Mary has succeeded one mentioned in the Chronicle of Melrose as having been consecrated in 1214, a fact which speaks for the antiquity of the town. Additional testimony is afforded by the Moathill at one end of the town, 8i> earthen mound of great antiquity, about 30 feet high. The present town-charter, granted in 1537 by a baron of Drum lanrig, was confirmed in 1545 by Queen Mary during a residence in the town. Hawick, with Wilton, was in 1868 erected into a parliamentary burgh, uniting with Galashiels and Selkirk in sending a member to parliament. The; municipal government is vested in a town council, con sisting of a provost, four magistrates, and ten councillors. The exchange, built in 1865, contains a free public library. Hawick possesses a very complete system of underground drainage, in connexion with purification works, this being the first experiment of the kind on a large scale in Scotland.
records so far back as 1640, but they must have been flourishing for some time before that, as the weavers already formed an important part of the population. The weavers then worked each for himself, executing his private orders ;. and it is not till the middle of the following century that a number of looms under one employer are heard of. Linen was at first the chief article of manufacture, but woollen plaidings were also made. Wool was also spun and sold to be manufactured elsewhere. A carpet factory was begun in 1752, and the manufacture of linen tapes or inkle started a few years afterward?, but both industries became extinct towards the beginning of the present century. The manufacture of tweed.s is the most important industry of Hawick. In this branch the annual turn-over is about 800,000; while in the whole woollen trade it is about .2,000,000. The manufacture of hosiery, to which the town owes so much of its prosperity, was introduced in 1771, when four looms, employing six men and five women,, produced annually about 2400 pairs of coarse stockings. Hawick has gradually become the chief seat of this trade
in Scotland. Some of the yarn spun at Hawick is sent