690 HERALDRY [DIVISIONS OF ARMS. to have used their personal arms. Thus Gawain Douglas, bishop of Dunkeld, " Who gave fair Scotland Virgil s page," and Alexander Douglas, bishop of Moray in 1G06, placed the Douglas arms upon their seals. Sometimes, however, this seems to have been combined with some ecclesiastical emblem, for the archbishops of St Andrews placed the cross of St Andrew on their seals, while below were their paternal arms, and the bishops of Glasgow so bore a figure of St Mungo. 3. Arms of Office are not uncommon. The electors and chief officers of the empire each bore some token of their office. The crossed swords so well known on Dresden china were borne by the electors of Saxony ; the sceptre by those of Brandenburg ; the crown of Charlemagne by the electors of Hanover as arch-treasurers. The ancestors of the dukes of Ormond were hereditary butlers of Ireland, and bore three covered cups. The kings-at-arms bear arms of office. Garter, the principal king, bears " argent, a cross gules, on a chief azure a crown or encircled with a garter of the order buckled and nowed between a lion of England and a lily of France," by no means such an example of heraldry as might be expected from the chief herald of England. The knights of St John of Jerusalem augmented their paternal arms with a chief gules, charged with a cross or. Several civic offices in France gave a right to bear arms. Manage observed of a mayor of Angers who died upon his election, and was buried with his newly acquired arms " II etoit de bonne nature, Et ne fut arme qu en peinture. " 4. Arms of Concession were granted by a sovereign or some feudal superior, sometimes in memory of some great deed, but more frequently to indicate the connexion between the lord and his follower, when they are called arms of patronage. Of the former character was the heart in the arms of Douglas, first used by William I., earl of Douglas, 1356, in memory of James Lord Douglas s mission with Robert Brace s heart ; and to this a crown was added in the time of William II., earl of Angus, in 1617. Also the families of De la Warr, Pelham, Vane, and Fane bear arms in allusion to the share of the ancestors of each in the capture of John of France at Poitiers. Sir James Audley, after Poitiers, not only divided the Black Prince s present between his four squires, but allowed them to bear portions of his coat armour, " gules, a fret or," in memory of which the family of Delves still bear "argent, a chevron gules, fretty or, between 3 billets sable " (fig 82) ; and that of Dutton, "quarterly, argent and gules, on the 2d and 3d quarters a fret or." It was probably in memory of the same event that John Touchet, Lord Audley, granted to John and Thomas Mackworlh, for services performed by their ancestors and themselves to his ancestors and himself, to bear " party dentelle de sable et d hermines, un chevron de gules frette" d or," arms still used by the Mackworths, with a slight addition, and now blazoned "per pale indented sable and ermine, on a chevron gules 5 crosses pate"e or." Among many similar instances may be mentioned Tatton of Cheshire, who bears "quarterly argent and gules," evidently derived from Massy. Harvey of Ickworth bears "gules, on a bend argent 3 trefoils slipped vert," derived from Foliot, who bore " gules, a bend argent." Staunton of Longbridge, who held by the service of repairing a tower of Belvoir Castle, bore "argent, 2 chevrons within a border engrailed sable," derived from Albini of Belvoir, who bore "or, 2 chevrons and a border gules." Lowther and Musgrave derive their annulets from Vipont. Moton of Peckleton, Brailsford, Astley of Hillmorton, Besington, bore argent, a cinquef oil azure ; " " or, a cinquefoil sable ; " " azure, a cinquefoil ermine ; " and " azure, a cinquefoil or," all derived from the bearings of the Bellomonts, " gules, a cinquefoil ermine." Hardress, who held under De Clare at Tonbridge, bore " gules, a lion rampant debruised by a chevron or ; " and the lords of Avan, Welsh barons under De Clare, bore the three chevrons. Thus also Flamville and Wharton used the maunch of Hastings. " Ermine and checquy," from the Newburgh earls, were common in Warwickshire, and the " canton " in Westmoreland, derived from the Lancasters, barons of Kendal. In Douglasdale the " stars " of Douglas preponderate, and in Annandale the " saltire " of Johnstone. Arms also passed from one friend to another by deed or will, even when there was no blood relationship. Henry de Lacy, the last earl of Lincoln, bequeathed to his friend and executor Sir H. Scrope a lion passant purpure, in aug mentation of his coat, and Sir Henry wore it accordingly, though for life only. Maud Lucy, heiress of her brother Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth, married Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, 1414. She died childless, but bequeathed her lands to the Percys on condition they bore her arms, " gules 3 luces," quarterly with Percy, which they continued to do, and indeed, though without any right, often styled themselves Barons Lucy. To this class also belong arms of augmentation, sometimes called additions of honour. Thus Richard II. chose to impale with his own the imputed arms of the Confessor, " gules, a cross patonce between 5 martlets or," and he granted to Thomas Holland, duke of Surrey, to impale them within a border argent with his own arms. Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, was also allowed to impale the entire arms of the Confessor, a fatal gift, as it was one of the charges brought against his ambitious descendant Henry Howard. Richard also allowed De Vere, duke of Ireland, to bear for life " azure, 3 golden crowns within a bordure," which seems then to have been regarded as the arms of Ireland. They are found on tiles marshalled quarterly with De Vere. After the victory of Flodden, Henry VIII. granted to the earl of Surrey to augment his arms with a " demi-lion gules pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flowered of the same," to be placed on the Howard bend. Henry used both the pile and the fiauuch in his augmentations to the families of his English wives. Seymour bore "quarterly, 1 and 4, or, on a pile gules between 6 fleurs-de-lys azure 3 lions of England; 2 and 3, Seymour." The augmenta tion to Catherine Howard includes 2 (launches, that to Catherine Parr a pale. Manners of Belvoir bore " or, 2 bars argent, a chief quarterly azure and gules, in the 1st and 4th quarter 2 fleurs-de-lys, in the 2d and 3d a lion of England, or." The bars were no doubt taken from the Muschamps. The chief and its contents were an augmenta tion from Henry VEIL In Scotland an early Lord Seton had a concession from Robert Bruce of a sword supporting a crown, and his descendant in 1601 received as an augmentation "azure, a blazing star of 8 points within a double tressure or." Most of the earlier grants or concessions seem intended to commemorate some territorial or genealogical concession, those of later date some connexion with royalty, or some deed of arms in the field. Thus Sir Cloudesly Shovel received 2 fleurs-de-lys in chief and a crescent in base IP memory of two victories over the French and one over the Turks, and Nelson and other naval commanders received additions rather to be described as sea pieces than as heraldic augmentations. 5. Family and Paternal Arms and arms of succession are such as descend by custom to the male heir. The descendants of females, heiresses, save by special licence, can only quarter their arms. This rule has indeed been much abused, and on every side are seen good maternal
names and arms adopted to the exclusion of those less dis-