Bibliography.
The following list is an outline of the bibliography of the subject:—
Dictionaries.—Brugsch, Dr H1., Hieroglyphisch-Demotisches Worterbuch, the fullest and best Ancient Egyptian Lexicon; Birch, Dr $., ~ Dictionary of Hiero- glyphies,” in Bunsen’s Egypt's Place, vol. v.; Pierret, P, Vocabulaire MMiéro- gliuphique; Champollion, le Jeune, Dictionnaire Eguptien, now out of date, but valuable for the history of interpretation; vocabularies in various works, as Chabas, F., Papyrus Magique Harris, and Zeitschrift fir Aegyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde.
Special Dictionaries.—Brugsch, H., Dictionnaire Géographique de ' Ancienne Eyupte; Pierret, P., Dictionnaire € Archéologie Egyptienne; Lieblein, J., Diction- naire des noms [propres] hiérogl:phiques.
Grammars.—Rougé, Vicomte de, Chrestomathie Eguptienne, Abrégé Gram- matical, complete except nas to the particles, the best Egyptian grammar; Brugseh, FL, Grammaire Wiéroglyphique (Hieroglyphische Grammatik), only second to De Rougé’s, and complete; Rossi, F., Grammatica Copto-Geroglifica, a useful work, based on Peyron’s Grammatica Linguce Coptice, and De Rougé's Chrestomathie Eyyptienne, combining the elements of [Hicroglyphics and Coptic ; Birch, S., “ Hieroglyphic Grammar,” in Bunsen’s Egypt's Place, vol. v.; Le Page Renouf, Elementary Grammar of Ancient Egyptian, with Dr Birch’s Eguptian Texts (Archaic Classics). These two works are the best grammar and reading book for beginners; Champollion, Grammaire Eguptienne, out of date, but valu- able for history of interpretation.
Texts.—Lepsius, Dr R.. Denkmdler aus Aegupten und Aethiopien, the great corpus of Egyptian transcriptions, without commentary or trauslation, Many of the most interesting texts are translated in the works of other scholars, Rosellini, L, J Monumenti dell’ Eqitto e della Nubia; Monumenti Storici; Monu- menti del Culto; Monumenti Civili; this smaller work contains some texts, parti- cularly the historical inscriptions of Ramses IIL. (called by Rosellini Ramses IV.), which are not in Lepsius’s D-nkméler; Champollion, le Jeune, Afonuments de l Eqypte et dela Nubie, a similar work similarly useful. The “ Notices Descrip- tives” are specially interesting. Of generally later date than the Denkmdiler are the works of Aug. Mariette (Choix de Monuments du Sérapéum; Abydos, Descrip- tion des fouilles; Dendérah; Monuments divers recueillis en Eqgupte et en Nubie; Deir el Bahari; Les listes géographiques des Iylones de Karnak), and of H. Brugsech (Geographische Inschriften altdquptischen Denkmdler; Recueil des Monuments Equptiens; Monuments géographiques; Monuments de I Eyypte): Diimichen, J., Die Flotte einer Acguptischen Konigin; Greene, J. B., Fouilles @ Thebes; Rouge, Vie. J. de, Inscriptions Hiérogluphiques copiées en Egypte pendant la Mission Scientifique du Vic. £. de Rougé (Etudes Egyptologiqucs); Bergmann, E. von, Hieroglyphische Inschriften; Brugsch, I1., Inschrift ron Rosetta; Lepsius, R., Das Bilingue Dekret von Kanopus; Reinisch, L., and Roesler, R., Die zwet- sprachige Inschrift von Tanis; Pierret, P, Glossaire Egyptien-Grec_ du Décret de Canope (Etudes Egyptol.); Lepsius, R.. Auswahl der wichtigsten Urkunden des Aegyptischen Alterthums; Picrret, P., Recuci! des Inscriptions Inédites du Louvre Et. Eg.
Texts of the Ritual and Cognate Works.—Lepsius, R., Yoédtenbuch der Aegypten, and Aelteste Text des Tédtenbuchs; Rougé, E. de, Rituel funéraire; Leemans, C., Papyrus Eguptiens Junéraires hiérogluphiques; dd. hiératiques; Guieysse, P., Rituel funéraire Egyptien, chap. 64, textes comparés, traduction, ct commentaire; Renouf, Le Page, Traduction dun chapitre du rituel funératre (a prayer from the Egyptian Ritual); Lefébure, E., Le Mythe Osirien (1., Les Yeux d'Horus; IL., Osiris; Et. Eg.); Lefébure et Guiceysse, Le Papyrus funéraire de Soutimes; Pierrct, P. (Devéria, T.), Papyrus de Neb-qued; Picrret, P., Manu- serits Religicux (Et. Eg.), and Recueil d' Inscriptions Inédites du Louvre (Le Livre de ce qui est dans l'Hémisphetre inférieur, M. Devéria’s translation, &c., Et. Eg.); Lanzone, R. V., Le Domicile des Esprits; Birch, 8., Papyrus of Nas-khen; Navilke, E., La Litanie du Soleil; Textes relatifs au mythe d Horus, Edfou; Brugsch, I, Sai an Sinsin; Chabas, F., Papyrus Magique Harris.
HistoricaL Papyri, &c.—birch, §8., Select Papyri in the Hieratic Character, British Museum; Inscriptions in the Hieratic and Demotic Character, British Museum: Hieratic Pupyrus of Ramses H1I., British Museum; Eisenlohr, A., Die grosse Papurus Harris; Prisse, E., Facsimile @un Papyrus; Chabas, F., Les Papurus HWiégratij;ues de Berlin; Voyage dun Eguptien; L’Eguptologie, 1. (Les Maxiines du scribe Ani); Eisenlohr, A., Lin mathematisches Handbuch der alten Aegupten; Lincke, A., Correspondenzen aus der Zet der Ramessiden, Lieblein, 3., Deux Papyrus Hiératiques au Musée de Turin; Maspero, G., Etudes Egyp- tiennes, Romans et Poésies du Papyrus Harris, No. 500; Mariette, A., Les Papyrus Eguptiens du Musée de Boulag; Pleyte, W. et Rossi, Papyrus de Turin; Wiedemann, Hieratische Texte aus den Museen zu Berlin und Paris, Ebers, G., Das hermetische Buch tiber die Arzeneimittel der alten Aegupter.
Demotic.—Brugseh, H., Grammaire Démotique, and Hierogluphisch-Demo- tisches Worterbuch; Leemanns, C., Papyrus Egyptiens Démotiques a Transcrip- tions Grecques; Revillout, E., Ze Roman de Setna.
Translations.—Birch, 8. (editor), Records of the Past; Chabas (ed.), Mélanges Eyyptologiques; Lepsius, R. Brugsch, H. (cdd.), Zeitschrift fir Aeguptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde.
It is obviously impossible to specify the many valuable translations and dissertations which have been produced by Dr Birch, Dr Brugsch, M. Chabas, Dr Diimichen, M. Devéria, Dr Lepsius, M. Marictte, M. Maspero, M. Pierret, M. E. de Rougé, and other scholars. Many of these works contain Ancient Egyptian texts cither in part or entire.
HIERONYMITES, Hieronymiani, or Sancti Hieronymi Eremitæ, an order of monks, originally hermits, who resolved to adopt the cenobite life under the patronage of St Jerome and the rule of St Augustine. The order first arose in the 14th century in the neighbourhood of Toledo, through the influence of a Franciscan Tertiary named Vasco, and Fernando Pecha, chamberlain of Pedro the Cruel. It soon received papal sanction (from Gregory XI. in 1373), and made considerable progress in Spain and Portugal, where its chief seats were at Guadalupe and Yuste (both in Caceres, the latter being the scene of the cloister-life of Charles V.), and at the Escorial, the palace-monastery of Philip IL. near Madrid ; afterwards it gained a footing in America also. From about the close of the 16th century it rapidly decayed, and now it is wholly extinct. The dress of the order consisted of a coarse white frock with tan-coloured scapulary and cowl. About 1375 an order of nuns of St Jerome was originated by Maria Garcias de Toledo, and for a time was highly popular. As branches of the Hierony- mite order must be reckoned the Congregation of the Eremites of St Jerome of the Observance, which, originated by Lupus Olivetus, third general of the Hieronymites, was sanctioned by Martin V. in 1426, and still subsists in some parts of Italy as the Congregation of St Jerome of Lombardy, and the Pauperes Eremitee Sancti Hieronymi, a congregation founded by Peter of Pisa in 1377, which obtained some foothold in Tyrol and Bavaria, as well as in Italy, and subsisted until 1688. See Reinkens, Die Einsiedler des heiligen Hieronymus, Schafth., 1864.
HIGDON, or Higden, Ranulf, was a Benedictine monk of the monastery of St Werberg in Chester, in which he lived, it is said, for sixty-four years, and died “in a good old age,” probably in the year 1363. He was buried, we are told in a note prefixed in the 16th century to the MS. of his work belonging to the library of Christ Church, Oxford, “in St Werberg’s Church (now Chester Cathedral), on the south side of the church near the choir, not far from the door which leads into the churchyard ; an arch was made for him in the wall, and on the wall is the inscrip- tion, ‘Non hic sub muro, sed subter marmore duro.’” This monument, extant in the 16th century, seems now to have entirely disappeared. Higdon was the author of a long chronicle, one of several such works based on a plan taken from Scripture, and written for the amusement and instruc- tion of the society to which the compiler belonged. Its chief interest perhaps lies in the fact that it closes the loug series of general chronicles, which were soon put com- pletely out of date by the iuvention of printing. It is commonly styled the Polychronicon, from the longer title Ranulphi Castrensis, cognomine Higdon, Polychronicon (sive Historia Polycratica) ab initio mundi usque ad mortem regis Eduardt ITT. in septem libros dispositum. The work is divided into seven books, in humble imitation of the seven days of Genesis, and, with exception of the last book, is a summary of general history, a compilation made with considerable style and taste. It seems to have enjoyed no little popularity in the fifteenth century. The Christ Church MS. says that Higdon wrote it down to the year 1342; the fine MS. at Christ’s College, Cambridge, states that he wrote to the year 1344, after which date, with the omission of two years, John of Malvern, a monk of Worcester, carried the history on to 1357, at which date it ends. According, however, to its latest editor, Higdon’s part of the work goes no further than 1326 or 1327 at latest, after which time it was carried on by two continuators to the end. Gale in his Quindecim Scriptores published that portion of it, in the original Latin, which comes down to 1066; an English translation of the whole was made by John of Trevisa, and printed by Caxton at his press in Westminster in 1482, with the addition of an eighth book. There is also an anonymous English translation of the work. The whole is being at this time carefully edited by Professor Lumby, B.D., under the anthority of the Master of the Rolls ; six volumes have appeared, 1865-1876.
