244 HORTICULTURE [PRUNING. mitted sometimes scarcely so much before the top is nipped out ; and this must be continued until the desired size is attained, whether that be large or small. Then generally the plant is allowed to grow away till bloom or blooming shoots are developed. To form a pyramidal plant, which is & very elegant and useful shape to give to a decorative pot plant, the main stem should be encouraged to grow upright, for a length perhaps of 6 or 8 inches before it is topped ; this induces the formation of laterals, and favours their development. The best-placed upper young shoot is selected and trained upright to a slender stake, and this also is topped when it has advanced 6 or 8 inches further, in order to induce the laterals on the second portion to push freely. This process is continued till the required size is gained. With all the difficult and slow-growing plants of the hard-wooded section, all the pruning must be done in this gradual way in the young wood as the plant progresses. Some plants, like pelargoniums, can only be kept hand somely formed and well furnished by cutting them down severely every season, after the. blooming is over. The plants should be prepared for this by keeping them rather dry at the root, and after cutting they must stand with little or no water till the stems heal over, and produce young shoots, or "break," as it is technically termed. The appearance of a specimen pelargonium properly pruned is shown in fig. 76, in which a shows a young plant, the head of which has been taken off to form a cutting, and whose buds are ready to break into young shoots. Three shoots will be produced, and these, after growing from 4 to 6 inches in length, should be stopped by pinching out the point, this giving rise to lateral shoots. These will blossom in due course, and, after being ripened thoroughly by full exposure to the sun, should be cut back as shown at b. This is the proper foundation for a good specimen, and illustrates how all such subjects should be pruned to keep them stocky and presentable in form. Root Pruning is most commonly practised in fruit tree cultivation. It is often resorted to as a means of restor ing fertility in plants which have become over rank and sterile in growth. The effect of it, or of transplanting, is to reduce the supply of crude sap to the branches, and con sequently to cause a check in their development. In root- pruning all roots that have struck downwards into a cold uncongenial subsoil must be pruned off if they cannot be turned in a lateral direction, and all the lateral ones that have become coarse and fibreless must also be shortened back by means of a clean cut with a sharp knife, while some hard rubbly material may if necessary be put under the tree before it is again planted, all its roots being laid out laterally, radiating as equally as possible from the centre. The operation is best performed early in autumn, and may be safely resorted to in the case of fruit trees of moderate age, and even of old trees if due care be exer cised. In transplanting trees all the roots which may have become bruised or broken in the process of lifting should be cut clean away behind the broken part, as they then more readily strike out new roots from the cut parts. In all these cases the cut should be a clean sloping one, and made in an upward and outward direction. The root-pruning of pot-plants is necessary in the case of many soft-wooded subjects which are grown on year after year pelargoniums and fuchsias, for example. After the close pruning of the branches to which they are annually subjected, and when the young shoots have shot forth an inch or two in length, they are turned out of their pots and have the old soil shaken away from their roots, the longest of which, to the extent of about half the existing quantity, are then cut clean away, and the plants repotted into small pots. This permits the growing plant to be fed with rich fresh soil, without having been necessarily trans ferred to pots of unwieldy size by the time the flowering stage is reached. Ringing. One of the expedients for inducing a state of Kingir fruitfulness in trees, is the ringing of the branches or stem, that is, removing a narrow annular portion of the bark, by which means, it is said, the trees are not only rendered productive, but the quality of the fruit is at the same time improved. The advantage depends on the obstruction given to the descent of the sap. The ring should be cut out in spring, and be of such a width that the bark may remain separated for the season. A tight ligature of twine or wire answers the same end. The advantages of the operation may perhaps be gained by judicious root pruning, and it is not at all adapted for the various stone fruits. 26. Training. What is called training is the guiding Traini of the branches of a tree or plant in certain positions which they would not naturally assume, the object being partly to secure their full exposure to light, and partly to regulate the flow and distribution of the sap. To secure the for mer object, the branches must be so fixed as to shade each other as little as possible ; and to realize the second, the branches must have given to them an upward or down ward direction, as they may require to be encouraged or repressed. Something of the same vegetative vigour which is given to a plant or tree by hard pruning is afforded by training in an upward direction so as to pro mote the flow of the sap ; while the repression effected by summer pruning is supplemented by downward train ing, which acts as a check. One main object is the pre- FIG. 77. Diagram illustrating Branch Distribution. servation of equilibrium in the growth of the several parts of the tree; and for this various minor details deserve attention. Thus a shoot will grow more vigorously whilst waving in the air than when nailed close to the wall ; conse quently a weak shoot should be left free, whilst its stronger antagonist should be restrained; and a luxuriant shoot may be retarded for some time by having its tender extremity pinched off to allow a weaker shoot to overtake it. Mr Robert Thompson, who is to be regarded as an authority, says (Gardener s Assistant, 340) : "A fair exposure to light is one of the principal objects to he borne in mind in training ; bnt the branches may be well regulated as regards exposure to light, without being equally so with respect to the flow of sap. For instance, they may be disposed like the radii of a circle touching the circumference at equal distances (fig.
77, (in, Ib re. r). We shall, however, suppose that the central
