I N V I N V 201 on the Highland Railway, 144 miles north-north-west of Perth, and 109 west-north-west from Aberdeen. It is built principally on the right bank of the river, which is crossed by a suspension bridge, a wooden bridge, and a railway bridge of stone. Though very ancient, tlie town presents quite a modern appearance, and possesses wide and handsome streets, and beautiful suburbs with numerous fine villas. Lately great improvements have taken place, several new streets having been laid out within a recent period. On an eminence to the south-west of the town stood an ancient castle in which Macbeth is said to have murdered Duncan. This was razed to the ground by Malcolm Canmore, who erected another on an eminence overhanging the town on the south. The original castle was a royal fortress, and that erected by Malcolm continued to be so till its destruction in 1746. Its site is now occupied by a castellated structure erected in 1835, and comprising the court-house, county buildings, and jail. At the northern extremity of the town Cromwell erected a fort capable of accommodating a thousand men ; this was demolished at the Restoration, but a considerable part of the ramparts still remains. In the centre of the town is the town-hall, completed in 18SO, in front of which is a^ fountain so constructed as to contain the lozenge-shaped stone called Clach-na-Cudain, or " Stone of the Tub," from its having served as a resting-place for women in carrying water from the river. It was regarded as the palladium of the town, and is said to have been carefully preserved after the town was burned by Donald of the Isles. The spire of the old jail, which is of fine proportions, now serves as a belfry for the town clock. In the tower there is a slight twist caused by a shock of earthquake in 1816. The other principal buildings are the episcopal cathedral of St Andrew in the Decorated Gothic style, erected in 1866, and comprising nave, side aisles, transepts, and apsidal chancel ; the academy, incorporated by royal charter in 1792, endowed originally with 20,000, to which in 1803 was added 25,000 left by Captain W. Mackintosh for the education of boys of certain families of that name ; the collegiate school, the high school, the school of science and art, the new market buildings, erected in 1871 at a cost of 3100, the northern infirmary, and (outside the burgh) the new depot for soldiers at Millburn. The ceme tery is finely situated on a hill south-west of the town, and about a mile and a half west of the town is the lunatic asylum, erected in 1864. On Craig Phadraig hill, about a mile west of the town, there is a vitrified fort supposed to have been the residence of the Pictish kings. The manufacturing industries are not extensive ; but there are iron-works, breweries, tanneries, woollen factories, and saw-mills. The harbour affords good accommodation for vessels, and there is considerable trade with Aberdeen, Leith, and London on the east coast, and by means of the Caledonian Canal with Liverpool, Glasgow, and Ireland. Shipbuilding is also carried on. The exports are chiefly sheep, wool, and agricultural produce, and the imports coal and provisions. In 1879 the number of vessels that entered the harbour was 2859, with a total burthen of 309,121 tons, while 2788 cleared, of 304,302 tons burthen. The population of the parliamentary burgh in the ten years 1861-71 increased from 12,509 to 14,466, and in 1881 it numbered 17,366. Inverness unites with the burghs of Forres, Fortrose, and Nairn in returning a member to Parliament. Inverness is of great antiquity, but the exact date of its origin is unknown. At an early period it was incorporated as a town, and it was one of the Pictish capitals. In 1233 an abbey of the Domi nicans was founded there by Alexander III. From William the Lion the town received four charters, one of which created it a royal burgh. In 1411 it was burned by Donald of the Isles on his way to the battle of Harlaw. The town was visited in 1427 by James I., who held a parliament within its walls, and in 1562 it was visited by Queen Mary, who, being refused admission into the castle, caused it to be taken and the governor hanged. During the civil wars the castle was repeatedly taken and occupied by the rival forces ; and in 1746 it was blown up by the troo| s of Prince Charles Stuart. See Lu-crncssiana, by Charles Eraser Mackintosh, 1875. INVESTITURE, in feudal phraseology, means the act of giving corporal possession of a manor or office, an act which was usually conjoined with some significant cere monial, such as the delivery of a branch, a banner, or some other appropriate symbol of the thing conveyed. Investi ture with staff and ring was during and after the llth century the name given to the ceremony by which eccle siastical dignitaries were admitted by the civil power to possession of the temporalities of their office. The word investiture (from " vestire," to put in possession ; see Ducange) is later than the 9th century ; the thing itself is an outcome of the feudal system. Under the Prankish monarchy the idea came very early into vogue that the right of nominating bishops lay with the sovereign, an idea that gained currency all the more widely, especially in Germany, as the territorial and temporal character of the bishoprics and abbacies, with their various immunities and privileges of coinage, toll, market, and the like, gradually came into prominence, and their spiritual nature arid functions were proportionally obscured. It was indeed but logical that ecclesiastics, so far as they were the holders of lands, should not be exempted from the ordinary obliga tions of feudatories to their suzerain ; nor was this view seriously disputed until after the middle of the llth century, when the views of Hildebrand (afterwards Pope Gregory VII.), who aimed at asserting the absolute freedom of the church from all secular control, began to prevail at Rome. Thus a Roman synod in 1063 forbade all clergy men from accepting churches at the hands of laymen ; and in 1068 a direct collision took place at Milan between the German court, which had invested a bishop in the usual way, and the populace, who under papal influence insisted on the appointment of one who had been canonically elected in accordance with the views of the reforming church party. In 1075 (the second year of his pontificate) Gregory VII. in a council held at Rome (Labbe, Cone., vol. xii., ed. 1730) in the most stringent terms deposed. every bishop, abbot, or inferior ecclesiastic who should receive investiture from any lay person, interdicted any one who should be guilty of rebellion from all communion in the favour of St Peter and from all fellowship with the church, and imposed a similar sentence on any emperor, duke, marquis, count, or other secular person who should presume to grant such investiture of bishopric or inferior dignity. The conflict between the empire and the Roman See, which began with this decree, was carried on with varying success throughout the whole of that pontificate, and was continued by Gregory s successors, with more than one unsuccessful effort at an adjustment, until in the concordat of Worms (1122) it was agreed between Henry V. and Calixtus II., on the one hand, that the emperor should surrender to the church the right of investiture by the ring and the pastoral staff, grant to the clergy throughout the empire the right of free election, and restore the possessions and feudal sovereignties which had been seized during the wars in his father s time and his own ; while, on the other hand, it was conceded by the pope that all elections of bishops and abbots should take place in the presence of the emperor or his commissioners, and that every bishop elect in Germany should receive, by the touch of the sceptre, all the temporal rights, principalities, and possessions of the see, excepting those which were held immediately of Rome. It was also stipulated that in all other parts of the empire (Italy and Burgundy) the royalties should be granted to the freely elected bishop within six months after consecration. Later, XIII. 26
