636 J E K J E R striking buildings, the most prominent structures being the immense grain elevators near the river, three hospitals, an orphan s home, and the public school buildings, 21 in number. The public schools are supported by State and city taxes, and administered by a board of education. The trade of the city is very considerable ; but, as it is em braced in the New York customs district, separate returns are not made. The fact that it is a terminus for three lines of ocean steamers, five trunk-lines of railways, seven lesser railways, and the Morris canal, greatly facilitates the transport of coal, iron, &c., and materially fosters its industries. Jersey City has iron-foundries, iron, steel, and zinc works, boiler yards, machine shops, railway plant manufactories, tobacco factories, breweries, and other establishments which turn out watches, glass, crucibles, sugar, soap, candles, and a large variety of hardware and other articles. Ihe extensive abattoirs at Long Dock are noteworthy for their excellent management. The " City of Jersey" was incorporated in 1829; but in 1851 it received another charter, under its present name. Its very rapid growth has been largely owing to its absorption of the townships and cities of Van Voorst in 1851, Hudson and Bergen in 1870, and Greenville in 1872. The popu, lation in 1850 was G856 ; in 1370, 82,546 ; and in 1880, 120,722, making it the seventeenth city in point of population in the United States. JERUSALEM (Heb. PT, Yerushalayim, pronounced fj as a dual; but the old pronunciation seems to have been Yerushalem, whence, through the LXX., lepovo-aXr/fj., we have the common English form). The meaning of the name is obscure, none of the current interpretations, " vision of peace/ " abode of peace," and the like, being free from difficulty. A later abbreviated form is D^fi?, Salem (Ps. Ixxvi. 2), 1 whence So Xv/xa, Solyma. The ordinary Greek and Latin forms are Tepoo-oXv/xa, Hierosolyma. Hadrian changed the name of the city to JElia Capitolina, and ^Elia long continued the official name, and even passed over into Arabic in the form lliya. The Arabs, however, com monly designate Jerusalem by epithets expressive of its sanctity, Beit el Makdis, El Mukaddas, El Mukaddis, 2 or, in the modern vernacular, more briefly El Kuds, "the sanctuary." I. NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY AND RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS. The history of Jerusalem exploration dates from the year 1833, when Bonomi, Catherwood, and Arundale succeeded in obtaining admission into the Haram (Hardm) enclosure and made the first survey of its buildings. In 1838 and 1852 the city was visited by the famous American traveller Dr Robinson, and his bold impeachment of the traditional topography, while raising a storm of controversy, laid the foundation of a truer understanding of the antiquities of Jerusalem. In 1849 Jerusalem was surveyed by Lieu tenants Aldrich and Symonds of the Royal Engineers, and maps by Vandevelde, Thrupp, Barclay, and others were
- subsequently published. All these earlier attempts were,
however, superseded in 18G6 by the ordnance swxvey executed by Captain (now Colonel) Wilson, R.E., whose plans of the city and its environs, and of the Haram enclosure and other public buildings are the standard authorities on which all subsequent work has been based. During the years 1867-70 excavations of a most adven turous description were carried on by Captain (now Colonel) Warren, R.E. The results, especially iu the vicinity of the Haram, were of primary importance, and many stoutly contested theories have now succumbed to the testimony of the spade. During 1872-75 some further explorations were carried on by Lieutenant Conder, R.E., while for many years a most valuable series of observations of the levels of the rock beneath the rubbish on which the modern city stands has been carried out by Mr C. Schick, architect. 3 1 Whether the narrator of Gen. xiv. 18 means .Jerusalem by Salem, the city of Melchizedek, is still disputed, and the decision of the ques tion is embarrassed by the uncertainty attaching to the date of his narrative. If the chapter is early, Salem can hardly mean Jerusalem, but many critics now assign to it a very late date. 2 See Yakut, iv. 590 ; Tdj d Arts, iv. 214. 3 See Zimmermann s Karten nnd Plane zur Top. d. alt. Jertis., based on Schick s measurements (Basel, 1876); Quart. Stat. ofP.E.F., 1880, p. 82. The present account of the city is based on the results which have thus been obtained by actual exploration ; but, although so much has been done during the last fifteen
- years to clear up disputed questions, much still remains to
I be accomplished. The geographical situation of Jerusalem has now been I determined by trigonometry to be 31 46 45" N. lat. and | 35 13 25" E. long, of Greenwich (taken at the dome of the Holy Sepulchre church). The city stands at the extremity of a plateau which shelves down in a south-east direction from the watershed ridge of Judtea, which is here somewhat contorted. About a mile north of the town the ridge coming from the north is deflected towards the west at an elevation averaging 2600 feet above the Mediter ranean, and thus passes clear of the city on its west side. From this ridge at the point of deflexion an important spur with steep and rugged eastern slopes runs out south east for 1 miles, and thence southwards for Ij miles more. The spur culminates in two principal summits, the most northerly 2725 feet above the sea, the second (now crowned with a village and a minaret) 2650 feet above the same level ; and there is a third summit or knoll on the south terminating the spur and rising to an elevation of 2410 feet. To this chain (but more especially to the central summit with the minaret on it, now called Jtbel et Tor] the name Olivet applies. The plateau between this chain and the watershed ridge is drained by two flat open valley heads which form a junction about ^ mile north of the north-east angle of the modern city, and" become a deep ravine with sides steep and in places precipitous, running immediately beneath arid west of Olivet for a distance of 1 miles from the junction to a well called Llr Eyub, where the bed is 1979 feet above the Mediterranean and 430 feet below the termination of the Olivet chain. This valley is the " brook " (nahal ovfiumara) Kidron, bounding the site of Jerusalem on the east. A second valley (W. er Rababy) has its head in a shallow depression north-west of the city close to the watershed, whence it first runs south for about -J- mile, and then rapidly deepening and flanked by low precipices trends east for another mile, joining the Kidron in an open plot close to the Bir Eyub above noticed. The second valley thus flanking Jerusalem on the west and south encloses an area half a mile wide and rudely quadrangular, the seat of the city itself whether ancient or modern. The site thus generally described a natural fortress standing on spurs of hill surrounded on three sides by valleys 300 to 400 feet deep is but imperfectly supplied with water. Only one spring exists anywhere near the city, namely, that in the Kidron valley, about 700 yards above the junction with the western ravine, now called the "spring with steps" (Vmm eel DereJ), or the "Virgin s spring." The vicinity of Jerusalem consists of strata of
