K A D K A D 815 regularly carried on ; the native jewellers make excellent ornaments in silver, coral, and enamel ; in some places wood carving has been brought to considerable perfection ; and native artists know how to engrave on metal both by etching and the burin. Like the Arabs of Algeria, the Kabyles are Mahometans of the Sunnite branch and the Malekite rite, looking to Morocco as the nearer centre of their religion ; but, whereas the Arabs are fatalistic and superstitious, the Kabyles show a more independent and rationalistic turn of mind. In spite of the Koran and its administrators the Kabyles are essentially democratic. In the words of Eenan, 1 " the people is everything and suffices for everything ; government, police, administration of justice, cost nothing to the community. It is the ideal of democracy, the direct government of the people by the people." The political unit is the village or commune ; so many villages constitute a fraction, so many fractions a tribe ; and the tribes again are combined in the Kabaila or confederation. The governing authority in the com mune is the Jema a or general gathering of the citizens, every man old enough to keep the fast of the Ramadhan having a right to take part in its proceedings. Its chief executive officer, the amin, is chosen by the goodwill of his fellows, receives no remuneration, and withdraws from his functions as soon as he loses the confidence of the electorate. Some of the Kabyles retain their vernacular speech, while others have more or less completely adopted Arabic. The best known dialect is that of the Igaouaouen, or Zouaoua, 2 who, at least from the time of Ibn Khaldoun, have been settled on the northern side of the Jurjura; it is the principal basis of Hanoteau s Essai de Grammaire Kabyle (Paris, 1858). "Unlike their southern brethren, the Kabyles have no alphabet, and their literature is still in the stage of oral transmission for the most part by pro fessional reciters. Hanoteau s Poesies populaires de la Kabylie du Jurjura (Paris, 1867) gives the text and translation of a considerable number of historical pieces, proverbial couplets and quatrains, dancing songs, &c. The best resume of ascertained facts in regard to the Kabyles is the Instructions sur V Anthropologie de VAlgirie, by General Faid- herbe and Dr Paul Topinard, Paris, 1874. See also Daunias, Le Sahara Algericn, Paris, 1845; De Slane s translation of Ibn Khaldoun s Hist, des Berberes, Algiers, 1852; Aucapitaine, Les Kabyles ct la Colon, de I Algerie, Paris, 1864, and Les Beni M zab, 1868 ; Hanoteau and Letourneaux, La Kabylie et les Coutumcs Kabyles, Paris, 1873 ; a paper by Charmetant, the head of the Roman Catholic mission, in Jahrbiichcr der Verbreitung dcs Glaubcns, 1874 ; Dugas, La Kabylie et le peuple Kabyle, Paris, 1878 ; Recoux, La demographic de VAlgerie, Paris, 1880. KADOM, a town of Russia, in the Temnikoff district of the Tamboff government, 169 miles north-north-east from Tamboff, near the Moksha, a navigable sub-tributary of the Volga. It lies for the most part in a low sandy plain, but the principal church and the Sorova convent are situated on a hill. The public buildings are of no special note. The population was 7365 in 1861, and 7100 in 1870. A considerable trade is fostered by the local fairs and markets. Kadom is an ancient place ; it was purchased in 1381 along with the Meshtcher lordship by Demetrius of the Don. In modern times it has had a curious administrative history : incorporated with the Kazan government in 1708, it was assigned to the Azoif government in 1719, to the Shatsk province of the Voronezh government in 1725, and to TambofF in 1779. KADUR, or CADOOR, a district of Mysore state, southern India, lying between 13 12 and 13 58 N. lat., and between 75 8 and 76 25 E. long., with an area of 2294 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Shimoga, on the E. by Chitaldrug, on the S. of Hassan, all Mysore dis tricts ; on the W. the Western Ghdts separate it from the Bombay district of South Kanara. 1 " La societe berbere," Revue des Deux Mondes, 1873. 2 The Arabic Zouaoua (to use the French transliteration) has given rise to the well-known " Zouaves " of the French army. The larger portion of the district consists of the Maln&d or hill country, which contains some of the wildest mountain scenery in southern India, The western frontier is formed by the chain of the Ghdts, of which the highest peaks are the Kuduremukh(6215 feet) and the Meruti Gudda (5451 feet). The centre of the district is occupied by the horse shoe range of the Baba Budans, containing the loftiest mountain in Mysore, Mulaingiri, 6317 feet. The Maidan or plain country lying beneath the amphitheatre formed by the Baba Budan hills is the most fertile portion of the district, well watered, and with the famous " black cotton soil." The principal rivers are -the Tunga and Bhadra, which rise near each other in the Ghats, and unite to form the Tungabhadra, a tributary of the Kistna. The eastern portion of the district is watered by the Vedavati. At the point where this river leaves the Baba Budan hills, it is embanked to form two extensive tanks, which irrigate the lower valley. From all the rivers water is drawn off into irrigation channels by means of anicuts or weirs. The chief natural wealth of Kadur is in its forests, which con- tain inexhaustible supplies of the finest timber, especially teak, and also furnish shelter for the coffee plantations. Iron is found and smelted at the foot of the hills, and corundum exists in certain localities. Wild beasts and game are numerous, and fish are abundant. The census of 1871 returned the population of the district at 332,381 (Hindus, 318,480 ; Mahometans, 12,017 ; Jains, 1316 ; Christians, 568). Only one town, Tarikere, contains over 5000 in habitants, the population in 187] being 5302. Chikmagalur, the headquarters of the district, has only 2027 inhabitants, and Kadur, the old civil station, only 2733. The staple crop of the district is rice, chiefly grown on the hill slopes, where the natural rainfall is sufficient, or in the river valleys, where the fields -can be irrigated from tanks and artificial canals. The principal unirrigated crop is rdcjl (Cynosurus coracanus), which is preferred as food by the natives to rice, as affording more sustenance. The principal agri cultural industry, however, is coffee cultivation. The berry is stated to have been first introduced by a Mahometan saint, Baba Budan, about two centuries ago, on his return from a pilgrimage to Mecca. European capital was not attracted to the enterprise till about 1840, but there are now 60,000 acres under coffee. The cocoa-nut and areca-nut palms nourish in the moist and sheltered valleys in the west. A Government cinchona plantation has also been established on the Baba Budan hills. The local manufactures include the production of cotton cloth, rough blankets, and sugar, as well as oil-pressing, spirit-distilling, and iron-smelting. The annual value of the district exports is estimated at 297,000, and the imports at 217,000. The revenue of the district in 1873-74, excluding forests, education, and public works, was 94,316. Government aided and inspected schools numbered 176 in 1874, attended by 3027 pupils ; unaided schools, 121, with 1235 pupils. The mean annual temperature at Chikinagahir, is about 78" F. During 1873 and 1874 the maximum recorded was 93, and the lowest 69. In the Malnad the temperature falls much lower, and the cold at night in December and January is very sharp. The average rain fall at Chikmagalur during the four years ending 1874 was only 36 inches ; while 011 certain coffee plantations on the Malnad from 100 to 170 inches have been registered. Jungle or malarious fevers are prevalent in the Malnad at certain seasons of the year, from which neither natives nor Europeans are exempt. History. As containing the hallowed sources of the Tungabhadra, Kadur district abounds with scenes associated with the legends of the Rdmdyana. Sringeri or Rishya-sringa-giri, on the Tunga river, takes precedence of all other places in its claims to mythical antiquity. Here, in historical times, was the home of Sankara Acharya, the great Sivaite reformer of the 8th century; and here at the present day resides the jagat-guru or supreme high priest of the Smarfa" Brahmans. The most ancient sites connected with local history are the ruins of Ratnapuri and of Sak-ray-patna, both of which are described as the capitals of powerful kings before the rise of the Balldla dynasty. On the overthrow of the Ballalas by the Mahometans, the Vijayanagar empire established itself over southern India ; but the feudatory chiefs were practically inde pendent. Subsequently the greater part of the district was overrun by the Ikkeri or Bedriur piilegar from the neighbouring district of Hassan, who was in his turn defeated in 1694 by the conquering Hindu rajas of Mysore. It was not until 1763 that Hyder Ali finally incorporated the whole country in the Mysore dominions. In 1799, after the death of Tipu, Kadur was restored to the Hindu kingdom then set up by the marquis of Wellesley. But in 1831 a general insurrection broke out, which overpowered the Mysore
