84 INNOCENT tics was set on foot with relentless energy, which has been described in the article ALBIGENSES. The principles upon which such enterprises ought to be conducted were formu lated under the presidency of Innocent at the fourth Lateran council (1215). It was there decreed that all rulers should promise to tolerate no heretics within their dominions, and that any prince who should refuse to comply with an injunction of the church to purge his dominions of heresy was to be punished with excommunication, and in case of contumacy to be deposed, if necessary, by force of arms. To those who should take part in such application of armed force when declared necessary, immunities similar to those enjoyed by the Eastern crusaders were guaranteed. At the same time very stringent laws were made with reference to the Jews. Their disability to hold any public appointment of trust was declared, and they were prohibited from at any time wearing Christian apparel, and also from appearing in public at all during Holy Week. This council was held by Innocent in the full consciousness of his approaching dis solution, which took place at Perugia on July 16, 1216. He was succeeded by Honorious III. Apart from his other claims to fame as a sovereign and statesman of remarkable breadth of view, unity of purpose, and boldness of action, Innocent deserves notice as a canonist and as a preacher. His decisions in canon law are characterized by a learning and an acuteness which have made him an im portant authority. The decretals of the first three years of his pontificate were collected by Rainer of Pomposi, and afterwards Bernardus Compostellanus undertook the editing of those of the first nine years, which appeared in a collection known as the Gompilatio Romana. This, how ever, contained some spurious documents, which were eliminated from the Gompilatio tertia, brought down by Petrus Callivacinus to the twelfth year, and sent to the university of Bologna. The Gompilatio quarta, published shortly after his death, contains the bulls and briefs of the closing six years. Some indication of Innocent s power as a preacher, which is known to have been great, can still be found in his extant sermons ; while fully partaking of the curious artificiality and mannerism of the period, they abound in passages of fervid eloquence, and are every where characterized by deep religious and moral feeling. For the works of Innocent III., see Migne, Patrol. Curs. Compl., vols. 214-217. For his life and pontificate, vol. v. of Milmaii s Latin Christianity may be consulted; also Jorry, Histoire du Pape, Innocent III., Paris, 1853 ; Deutsch, Papst Innocenz III. u. sein Einfluss auf die KircTie, 1876 ; Wattenbach, Gesch. d. ram. Papst- thums, 1876. INNOCENT IV., Sinibaldo de Fieschi, pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to one of the first families of Genoa, and, educated at Parma and Bologna, passed for one of the best canonists of his time. He had for his immediate pre decessor CelestinelV., who, however, was pope for eighteen days only, and therefore the events of Innocent s pontificate practically link themselves on to those of the reign of Gregory IX. It was on occasion of Innocent s election (June 28, 1243) that Frederick II. is said to have remarked that he had lost the friendship of a cardinal and gained the enmity of a pope ; the letter which he wrote, however, expressed in respectful terms the hope that an amicable settlement of the differences between the empire and the papal see might be reached. The negotiation which shortly afterwards began with this object speedily proved abortive, Frederick being unable to make the absolute submission to the pope s demands which was required of him. Finding his position in Rome insecure, Innocent secretly withdrew in the summer of 1244 to Genoa, and thence to Lyons, where he summoned a general council which met in 1245 and deposed Frederick. The agitation caused by this act throughout Europe terminated only with Frederick s death in 1250, which permitted the pope to return, first to Perugia, and afterwards in 1253 to Rome. The remainder of his life was largely devoted to schemes for compassing the overthrow of Manfred, the natural son of Frederick II., whom the towns and the nobility had for the most part received as his father s successor. It was on a sick bed at Naples that Innocent heard of Manfred s victory at Foggia, and the tidings are said to have precipitated his death (December 7, 1254). His learning gave to the world an Apparatus in quinque libros decretalium, which is highly spoken of ; but essentially Innocent IV. was a small-souled man, whose avarice, cowardice, cunning, and vindictivenes.s suggest a striking contrast with Innocent III., whose character and career, if his selection of a name may be taken as an indication, he seems to have admired and sought to follow. He was succeeded by Alexander IV. INNOCENT V., pope from January 20 to June 22, 1276, was a native of Tarantasia in Burgundy, where he was born in 1225. In early life he joined the Dominican order, in which he acquired great fame as a preacher. The only noteworthy feature of his brief and uneventful pontificate was the practical form assumed by his desire for union with the Eastern Church. He was proceeding to send legates to the Greek emperor in connexion with the recent decisions of the council of Lyons when he died. He was the author of several works in philosophy, theology, and canon law, including commentaries on the Pauline epistles and on the Sentences of Peter of Lombardy, and is some times referred to as " famosissimus doctor." His pre decessor was Gregory X., and he was succeeded by Hadrian V. INNOCENT VI., Stephen Aubert, pope at Avignon from 1352 to 1362, the successor of Clement VI., was a native of the diocese of Limoges, and, after having taught civil law at Toulouse, became bishop successively of Noyon and of Clermont. In 1342 he was raised to the dignity of cardinal. On the death of Clement VI., after the cardinals had each bound himself by a solemn agreement as to a particular line of policy should he be elected, Aubert was chosen (December 18, 1352); one of the first acts of his pontificate was to declare the paction to have been illegal and null. His subsequent policy compares favourably with that of the other Avignon popes. He brought about many needed reforms in the administration of church affairs, and by his legate, Cardinal Albornoz, who was accompanied by Rienzi, he sought to restore order in Rome, where in 1355 Charles IV. was with his permission crowned, after having previously come under an oath that he would quit the city on the day of the ceremony. It was largely through the exertions of Innocent that the peace of Bretigny (1360) between France and England was brought about. During this pontificate also John Palseologus offered to submit the Greek Church to the Roman see on condition of assistance being rendered him against John Cantacuzenus. The resources at the disposal of the pope, however, were all required for exigencies nearer home, and the offer was declined. Innocent was a liberal patron of letters, and, if the extreme severity of his measures against the Fraticelli be kept out of account, had a deservedly high reputation for justice and mercy. He died September 12, 1362, and his successor was Urban V. INNOCENT VII., Cosimo de Migliorati, pope from 1404 to 1406, was a native of Solmona in the Abruzzi, and early distinguished himself by his learning both in civil and in canon law. By Urban VI. he was called to the papal court, and entrusted with various responsible offices, being finally promoted to the archbishopric of Ravenna, and afterwards to the bishopric of Bologna. Boniface IX. made him cardinal, and employed him as legate in several delicate and important missions. On the death of Boniface, Migliorati was unanimously chosen (October 17,
