86 L U T L U X Lutheran Church these old episcopal consistories were transformed into councils whose members were appointed by the civil rulers. Thus each petty German state had its own church with its special organization and peculiar regulations. Richter in his Evangelische Kirchenordnungendcs$ten J ahrhundcrts (2 vols., 1846) has collected more than one hundred and eighty separate constitutions of churches adhering to the Augsburg Confession. This minute subdivision makes it almost impossible to recognize any unity in the Lutheran Church save what comes from the profession of a common creed. The publication of the Form of Concord drew the strict Lutherans more together, and set over against them in Germany a Calvinist Church, and the divided state of Protestantism greatly weakened its strength in the religious wars of the 17th century. As the smaller German states came together in larger principalities the awkwardness of the separate Protestant churches was more keenly felt. Many attempts were made by conferences, as at Leipsic (1631), Thorn (1645), Cassel (1661), to unite Lutherans and Reformed, though without success. At length the union of the two churches was effected mainly by the force of the civil authority in Nassau (1817), in Prussia (1817), in Hesse (1823), in Anhalt Dessau (1827). These unions for tlie most part aimed, not at in corporating the two churches in doctrine and worship, but at bringing under one government the two confessions, and permitting every congregation to use at pleasure either the Lutheran or the Heidelberg Catechism. They were sometimes accompanied, as in Prussia, by a separation of the stricter Lutherans, who formed themselves into dissenting churches. The separation in Prussia was caused mainly by a new liturgy which Frederick William III. forced on the church, and which the dissenters or Old Lutherans refused to use. The divisions caused in this way were at first repressed but were afterwards tolerated, and have reproduced them selves in the flourishing Lutheran Church of the United States. See Ritschl, " Die Entstehung der Lutherischen Kirche " (ZeitscJi. fiir Kirchengeschichte, i. 1); Hundeshagen, Ecitrageziir Kirchenver- fussungs Geschichte, &c. , 1864; Dorner s History of Protestant Theology ; Bering, Geschichte der kirchlichcn Unionsversuche seit die Reformation, 1836-38 ; Sack, Die Evangelische Kirche und die Union, 1861. (T. M, L.) LUTON", a market-town and municipal borough of Bedfordshire, England, is situated in a fine valley near the source of the Lea, 31 miles north-west of London. The parish church of St Mary, dating from the 14th century, a very fine building in the Decorated Norman and Later English styles, contains a large number of old monuments and brasses. Its entire length is 182 feet, the width of nave and aisles 57 feet, arid the width of the transepts from north to south 101 feet. On the process of restoration, begun in 1865, 6000 has been expended. The other principal public buildings are the town-hall, the corn exchange, the court-house, and the plait hall. Luton is the principal, seat of the straw-plait manufacture in England. The industry originated in the colony of straw-plaiters transplanted by James I. from Scotland, whither they had been brought from Lorraine by Queen Mary. Though the town is very ancient, it was first incorporated in February 1876. The population, which in 1871 was 17,317, was 23,959 in 1881. LUTZK, a district town of Russia, in the government of Volhynia, on the Styr, 162 miles west-north-west of Szitomir, and 5 miles from the Kivertzy station of the railway between Kieff and Brest-Litovsky. It is a very old town, supposed to have been founded in the 7th century ; in the llth century it was known under the name of Luchesk, and was the chief town of an independent principality. In the 15th century it was the seat of a bishop, and became a wealthy town, but during the wars between Russia and Poland in the second half of the 16th century, and especially after the extermination of its 40,000 inhabitants, it lost its importance. In 1791 it was taken by Russia. It is now a rather poor town, situated in an unfertile district, and its 11,500 inhabitants, many of them Jews, live mainly by shipping goods on the Styr. LUXEMBOURG, FfiANgois HENRI DE MONTMOKENCY- BOUTTEVILLE, Due DE (1628-1695), marshal of France, the comrade and successor of the great Conde", was born at Paris on January 8, 1628. His father, the Comte de Montmorency-Boutteville, had been executed six months before his birth for killing the Marquis de Beuvron in a duel, but his aunt, the Princesse de Conde", recognizing in him the last male heir of her great family De Montmorency, took charge of him, and educated him with her son, the Due d Enghien. The young Montmorency attached him self enthusiastically to his cousin, and shared his successes and reverses throughout the troubles of the Fronde. He returned to France in 1659 and was pardoned, and Conde, who was then much attached to the Duchesse de Chatillon, Montmorency s sister, contrived the marriage of his adherent and cousin to the greatest heiress in France, the Princesse de Tingry, after which he was created Due de Luxembourg and peer of France. At the opening of the war of the devolution, 1667-68, Conde, and consequently Luxem bourg, had no command, but in the second campaign he served as one of Condi s lieutenants in the conquest of Franche Comte . During the four years of peace which followed the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Luxembourg diligently cultivated the favour of Louvois, and in 1672 received orders to commence hostilities with the Dutch. He defeated the prince of Orange, whom he was to beat again and again, at Woerden, and ravaged Holland, and in 1673 made his famous retreat from Utrecht with only 20,000 men in face of 70.000, an exploit which placed him in the first rank of generals. In 1674 he was made captain of the gardes du corps, and in 1675 was made marshal of France. In 1676 he was placed at the head of the army of the Rhine, but failed to keep the duke of Lorraine out of Philipsburg ; in 1677 he stormed Valenciennes ; and in 1678 he defeated the prince of Orange, who attacked him at St Denis after the signature of the peace of Nimeguen. His reputation was now at a great height, and it is commonly reputed that he quarrelled with Louvois, who managed to mix him up in the confessions of the poisoners, and get him sent to the Bastille. Rousset in his Histoire de Louvois has, however, shown that this quarrel is probably apocryphal. There is no doubt that Luxembourg spent some months of 1680 in the Bastille, but on his release took up his post at court as capitaine des gardes, and was in no way dis graced. When the war of 1690 broke out, the king and Louvois also recognized that Luxembourg was the only general they had fit to cope with the prince of Orange, and accordingly he was put in command of the army of Flanders. On July 1, 1690, he defeated the prince of Waldeck at Fleurus with the loss of 14,000 men and 49 pieces of cannon. In the following year he com manded the army which covered the king, who was besieging Mons, and defeated William III. of England at Leuze on September 18, 1691. Again in the next cam paign he covered the king s siege of Namur, and utterly defeated William at Steenkerk on June 5, 1692 ; and on July 29, 1693, he won his greatest victory over his old adversary at Neerwinden, in which he took 76 pieces of cannon and 80 flags. No wonder he was received with enthusiasm at Paris by all but the king, who looked coldly on a relative and adherent of the Condes. He conceived himself strong enough to undertake an enterprise which St Simon describes at length in the first volume of his Memoirs : instead of ranking as eighteenth peer of France according to his patent of 1661, he claimed through his wife to be Due de Piney of an old creation of 1571, which would place him second on the roll. The whole affair is described with St Simon s usual keen interest in all that concerned the peerage, and was chiefly checked through his assiduity. In the campaign of 1694, possibly owing to this check, Luxembourg did but little in Flanders, except his well-known march from Vignamont to Tournay in face of the enemy. On his return to Versailles for the
winter he fell ill, and died on January 4, 1695. In his