M A C M A C 133 In addition to the works the titles of which have been already given, DrM Crie published the following: (1) The Duty of Chris tian Societies towards each other, a Sermon, 1797 (afterwards sup pressed by the author, now extremely scarce) ; (2) Statement of the Difference between the Profession of the Reformed Church of Scotland and the Profession contained in the New Testimony adopted by the General Associate Synod, 1807 ; (3) Free Thoughts on the late Religious Celebration of the Funeral of the Princess Charlotte, 1817 ; (4) Memoirs of Veitch and Brysson, 1825 ; (5) What Ought tJic General Assembly to do at the Present Crisis ? 1833. The posthu mous publications are (1) Sermons, 1836; (2) Lectures on the Book of Esther, 1838 ; (3) Miscellaneous Writings, 1841 ; (4) The Early Years of John Calvin, a Fragment, 1880. An estimate of the services and a graphic description of the personal appearance of Dr M Crie are to be found in The Headship of Christ (pp. 77-129), and in My Schools and Schoolmasters (chap, xvi.), both by Hugh Miller. MACCULLAGH, JAMES (1809-1846), one of the most elegant geometers of modern times, was born in 1809, near Strabane, Ireland. After an exceptionally brilliant under graduate career in Trinity College, Dublin, he was elected fellow in 1832. From 1832 to 1843 he held the chair of mathematics ; and during his tenure of this post, for which he was specially fitted, he improved in a most marked manner the position of his university as a mathematical centre. In 1843 he was transferred to the chair of natural philosophy, for which he was not nearly so well qualified. Overwork, mainly on subjects beyond the natural range of his powers, induced mental disease ; and he died by his own hand in 1846. His Works have been published in a collected form (Dublin University Press Series, 1880). Their distinguishing feature is the geometry, which has rarely been applied either to pure space problems or to known physical questions such as the rotation of a rigid solid or the properties of FresnePs wave-surface with such singular elegance. In this respect his work takes rank with that of Poinsot. No higher praise could be given. One specially remarkable geometrical discovery of Mac- cullagh s is that of the " modular generation of surfaces of the second degree"; and a noteworthy contribution to physical optics is his " theorem of the polar plane." But his methods, which, in less known subjects, were almost entirely tentative, were altogether inadequate to the solu tion of the more profound physical problems to which his attention was mainly devoted, such as the theories of double refraction, of crystalline reflexion, &c. Here not only are the utmost powers of analysis required, but also the high est physical knowledge ; and in consequence Maccullagh s work was entirely overshadowed by that of contemporaries, such as Cauchy and Green. See, on this point, Stokes s "Keport on Double Refraction" (B. A. Report, 1862). The story of his later days painfully suggests the compari son of a high-bred but slight racer tearing itself to pieces in the vain endeavour to move a huge load, which a traction- engine could draw with ease and promptitude. He wasted, on problems altogether beyond his strength, powers of no common order, which, had they only been suitably directed, might have immensely extended our knowledge. Such, at least, is the estimate which we cannot avoid forming from a perusal of his published works. He had "conical refraction " in his hand for years without knowing its value. The reader who wishes to see the other side of the ques tion (Maccullagh represented as standing to Fresnel in the same relative position as Newton to Kepler) is referred to the Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. v. p. 712 (1847). MACCULLOCH, HORATIO (1805-1867), Scotch land scape painter, was born in Glasgow in 1805. An early friendship with Sir Daniel Macnee, and William Leitcb, the water-colourist, was the means of turning the lad s attention to art, which he studied for a year under John Knox, a Glasgow landscapist of some repute, with whom Macnee was apprenticed at the time. After leaving the studio of Knox, we find him engaged at Cumnock, paint ing the ornamental lids of snuff-boxes in the manufactory of the Messrs Smith, and afterwards he was employed in Edinburgh by Lizars, the engraver, to colour the illustrations in Selby s British Birds and similar works. Meanwhile he was diligently prosecuting his studies in higher walks of art, and working unweariedly from nature, greatly influenced in his early practice by the water- colours of H. W. Williams, "Grecian Williams" as he was called, whose works had a charm for the young painter after the drier and more elaborate method of his first master. Returning to Glasgow in some four or five years, he was employed by Mr Lumsden, the lord provost, on several large pictures for the decoration of a public hall which he had erected in St George s Place, and he did a little as a theatrical scene-painter in Kilmar- nock and other provincial towns. About this time he was greatly impressed with a picture by Thomson of Dud- dingston, and upon the works of this artist, the greatest Scottish landscapist that had yet appeared, the art of Macculloch may be said to have been founded. Gradually he asserted his individuality, and formed his own style ou a closer study of nature than had been possible to his predecessor, and his works form an interesting link of connexion between the old world of Scottish landscape and the new. By its love of elaborate and balanced com positions, by its choice of noble and exceptional scenes, his art connects itself with that of sixty years ago ; by its brilliant and varied colouring, by its care for detail, it differentiates itself from the quietude and the stately abstraction of the older landscape. In 1829 Macculloch first figured in the Royal Scottish Academy s exhibition, with a View of the Clyde, and, year by year, till his death on the 24th of June 1867, he was a liberal contributor to its displays. In 1838 he was elected a member of the Scottish Academy, and came to reside in Edinburgh, where his genial manners gathered round him a large and appreciative circle of the artists and litterateurs of the city. Among the more important of the long series of landscapes which he produced, subjects almost exclusively from Scottish scenery, may be mentioned Moonlight Deer Startled, 1840 ; Moor Scene, Sunset, 1841; A Dream of the Highlands, 1844 ; Inversnaid Ferry, Loch Lomond, 1847; A Highland Deer Forest, 1856; Ben Venue from Silver Strand, 1862; and Eothwell Castle, 1863. Several works by Macculloch were engraved by William Miller and William Forrest, and a volume of photographs from his landscapes, with an excellent biographical notice of the artist by Alexander Fraser, U.S.A., was published in Edinburgh in 1872. MACCULLOCH, JOHN (1773-1835), one of the most eminent geologists of his time, descended from the Maccullochs of Nether Ardwell in Galloway, was born in Guernsey, 6th October 1773, his mother being a native of that island. Having displayed remarkable powers as a boy, he was sent to study medicine in the university of Edinburgh, took his diploma there, and entered the army as assistant surgeon. Attaching himself to the artillery, he became chemist to the Board of Ordnance (1803), and thus began relations with the Government which materially affected his future career. He still continued, however, to practise for a time as a physician, and then resided at Blackheath. In the year 1811 he communicated his first papers to the Geological Society. They were devoted to an elucidation of the geological structure of Guernsey, of the Channel Islands, and of Heligoland. The evidence they afforded of his capacity, and the fact that he already had received a scientific appointment, probably led to his being selected by Government to make some geological and mineralogical investigations in Scotland. He was asked to report upon stones adapted for use in powder-mills, upon the suitability of the chief Scottish mountains for a repetition of the pendulum experiments previously con
ducted by Maskelyne and Playfair at Schiehallion, and on