MACMAC 145 Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus. All the knowledge of the past was treasured up for transmission to a future age. There was no more unity among the Macedonian monarchies than there had been among the free cities of Greece, and the kings were even less able to combine against Roma than the republics against Philip. When Philip V. tried to keep the Romans out of Greece, he met with no support from Antiochus the Great, and was defeated by Flaminmus at Cynoscephahe, 197 B.c. Antiochus in turn had no help from Philip when Scipio crossed into Asia and defeated the Syrian army at Magnesia, 190 B.C. Last of all, Perseus was overthrown at Pydna (168 B.C.), while Antiochus Epiphanes was trying to plunder Egypt ; and Macedonia was divided into four districts, like those out of which the kingdom had been originally formed Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Pella, Pelagonia. The Romans in many respects carried on the work of spreading Greek culture. They gave the Greek cities of Asia a freer scope for their action on the country ; they united the whole Greek race, east and west, under one rule, and opened out the world to their enterprise. We meet with many great names in this later ag3, such as Posidonius at Rhodes, Galen at Pergamon, Strabo at Amasia. Epictetus was a Greek slave from Phrygia. Cappadocia became so thoroughly Greek that the church itsslf owed to it such men as Basil and Gregory. The Greek influence even spread to Palmyra in the desert, and its ruin in the third century marks the first great check sustained by Hellenism. But under the rule of Rome it may almost be said that the primitive unity of the Grceco-Italian race was restored, and the work of the Macedonian conqueror completed in western Asia. This article is mainly based on Grote s Greece, and Droysen s IlcUcnismiis, 2d cd., 1877. For more detailed accounts and for the personal history see ALEXANDER, AXTIGOXUS, ANTIOCHUS, ATI PATER, &c. The original authorities are collected in Didot s Historici Grseci, and his Arrianus, 1877. (C. W. BO.) MACEDONTUS, a deacon, was raised to the patriarchate of Constantinople as successor of Eusebius of Nicomedia by the Arian bishops in 341 A.D., while the orthodox party elected Paul, whom Eusebius had superseded. The partisans of the two rivals involved the city in a tumultuous broil, murdered Hermogenes, the general whom Constantius II., during his own absence, had empowered to preserve order, and were not quelled until the emperor himself returned to the city and banished Paul. Macedonius was recognized as patriarch in 342. In that year Paul again returned, and was again banished, and Macedonius, amid much tumult and bloodshed, was forcibly installed in his see by the imperial troops. Compelled by the intervention of Constans in 348 to confine his authority again to one church, and to resign the patriarchate in favour of his former opponent, he was reinstalled in 350. He then took vengeance on his opponents by a general persecution of the adherents of the Nicene creed. In 356 he occasioned a disastrous and bloody tumult in Constantinople by causing the ashes of Constantino the Great to be removed from the dilapidated church of the Apostles to that of St Acacius. In 359, on the division of the Arian party into Acacians (or pure Arians) and semi-Arians, Macedonius adhered to the latter, and in consequence was expelled from his see by the council of Constantinople in 3GO. He now became avowed leader of the sect of Pneumatomachi, Macedonians, or Marathonians, whose distinctive tenet was that the Holy Spirit is but a divine influence pervading the universe and not a person distinct from the Father and the Son. He did not long survive his deposition. MACEIO, or MACAYO, a city of Brazil, the chief town of the province of Alagoas, and one of the ports open to foreign trade, is situated about ] 50 miles south of Pernambuco, in 9 39 S. lat., on an eminence about a mile from the shore, in the midst of luxuriant vegetation. It possesses a fine cathedral and an elegant house of assembly, as well as a cotton inspection office and a custom-house. As its harbour at Jagudra on the coast is but slightly protected by reefs and a small peninsula, and the water deepens slowly from the sandy beach, vessels cannot approach the piers (of which there are several), and have to be discharged and loaded by lighters. Trade, however, is on the increase, and will develop largely on the completion of the railway to the interior. In 1880 44 British and 35 foreign vessels entered, with a burden respectively of 17,624 and 10,482 tons ; and cotton and sugar were exported to the amount of 4181 and 27,810 tons. In 1839 the town became the provincial capital instead of Alagoas. The population is about 20,000. MACERATA, a city of Italy, the chief town of a pro vince, a bishop s see, and the seat of a court of appeal, lies 22 miles south of Ancona, and 17 miles by road west of Civita Nova, the nearest station on the East Coast Railway. Crowning the top of a hill about 1300 feet in height with a picturesque mass of buildings enclosed by walls and towers, Macerata looks out over the Adriatic and the valleys of the Fotenza and the Chienti. The cathedral. is a modern structure of but little interest ; but some of the churches, and especially some of the palaces, Palazzo dei Torri, Palazzo Bonaccorsj, ttc., are fine pieces of architec ture ; and at a short distance from the town stands the beautiful S. Maria delle Vergini, designed by Galasso da Carpi, but often attributed to Bramante. Besides the university, Macerata contains a communal library founded by Leo XII., and, in the municipal buildings, a collection of antiquities from Helvia Ricina. Its infant schools were the first established in the papal states. Glass and pottery are among the manufactures, and three fairs are held yearly. The population of the commune has increased from 19,283 in 18G1 to 20,219 in 1881 ; that of the town was 10,OG5 at the former date. Macerata, as well as Eecanati, was founded by the inhabitants of Ricina after the destruction of their city by Alaric in 408. During the Lombard period it was a flourishing town ; but it was from com parative insignificance that it was raised by Nicholas IV. to be the seatu)f the governors of the March. By the viceroy of Frederick II. it was enclosed in the 13th century by a new line of walls more than 2.^ miles in circuit ; and in the troubles of the next two hundred years it had frequent occasion to learn their value. For the most part it remained faithful to the popes, and in return it was rewarded by a multitude of privileges. Though in 1797 the inhabitants opened their gates to the French, two years afterwards, when the country people took refuge within the walls, the city was taken by storm and delivered to pillage. The bishopric of Macer ata dates from the suppression of the see of Eecanati (1320). Crescimbeni, the poet of the 13th century, his namesake the founder of the Arcadian Academy at Borne, and Matteo Bicci, the Chinese missionary and scholar, were natives $>f the city. MACGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM (1796-1852), a writer on several branches of natural science, but best known as an ornithologist, was born in 1796. He studied as an arts student in King s College, Aberdeen, graduating M.A. in 1815, and also studied medicine, but did not complete the latter course. In 1823 he became assistant to the professor of natural history in Edinburgh University ; and in 1831 he was appointed curator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. In 1841 he became professor of natural history and lecturer on botany in Marischal College, Aberdeen. He died in 1852. He possessed a wide and comprehensive knowledge of natural science in its various departments, gained no less from personal observa tions in the course of frequent excursions through different parts of Scotland than from a study of the collections under his charge in Edinburgh and of books. His industry and extensive knowledge are amply shown in his published works. He contributed numerous articles on the zoology, botany, and geology of Scotland to the scientific journals
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