176 M A D M A D (Tanghinia Venenifltia), Jour, of Anat. and Phys., vol. viii.; articles on ferns and flowering plants, in Linn. Soc. Jour. Hot., for 1864, 1876, 1877, 1880 ; 14 Reliquiae Rutenbergianse," in the Bremen Naturwissenschaftliche Verein, No vember 1880 ; Baker nn " The Plants of Madagascar," Mature, December 9, 1880, and on " Botany of Madagascar," J roc. of Brit. Assoc., 1881. Anthropology. Oliver, "The Hbvas and other Characteristic Tribes of Madagascar," Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 1868; Wake, "The Race Elements of the Madecasses," Ibid., 186D ; Mullens, " On the Origin and Progress of the People of Madagascar," Ibid., 1875; Wake, Notes on the Origin of the Malagasy," Ibid., 1881 ; Sibree, " Malagasy Folk-Lore and Popular Superstitions," Folk-Lore Soc. Record, 1880; Id., The Oratory, Songs, Legends, and Folk-Tales of the Malagasy, 1882. Religious History. Freeman and Johns, Narrative of the Persecutions of the Christians in Madagascar, London, 1840; Prout, Madagascar, its Missions and its Martyrs, London, 1863 ; Ellis, Afadagascar Revisited, London, 1867 ; Id., The Martyr Church, London, 1869; Religion in Madagascar," Ch. Quart. Rev., July 1878 ; and Ten Years Review of Mission Work in Connexion with the London Missionary Society, 1870-80, Antan., 1880. (J. S., jr.) MADDALONT, a city of Italy, in the province of Caserta (Terra di Lavoro), about 3J miles south-east of Caserta, with a station both on the railway from Caserta to Benevento and on that from Caserta to Avellino. It is prettily situated at the base of one of the Tiffata hills, the towers of its mediaeval castle and the church of San Michele crowning the heights above. The fine old palace of the Caraffas, once dukes of Maddaloni, the old college now named after Giordano Bruno, and the institute for the sons of soldiers (dating from 1859, and accommodating 500 pupils) are the chief points of interest. In 1871 the population was 18,767. About 2| miles to the east, at Valle di Maddaloni, the Caroline aqueduct (so called after Charles IV. of Naples), conveying the water of the Tiburno to Caserta (a distance of 19 miles), is carried across the valley between Monte Longano and Monte Gargano by a threefold series of noble arches rising to a height of 178 feet. The work was designed by Lodovtco Vanvitelli, and constructed between 1753 and 1759. Maddaloni (in medueval documents Matalonum, Madalonum, and Macidalonum) lies on the Appian Way, and is doubtfully identi fied with Sessuela. Its castle and walls are probably of Lombard origin. The first count of Maddaloni was invested with the fief in 1465, the first duke in 1558. In 1860 General Bixio s volunteers beat the royal Neapolitan forces at Maddaloni. See A. de Reumont, The Carafas of Maddaloni, Bohu s series, 1854. MADDEN, SIR FREDERIC (1801-1873), one of the first palaeographers and antiquaries of his time, and for nearly forty years assistant keeper and keeper of manu scripts at the British Museum, was born at Portsmouth on February 16, 1801, the son of an officer of Irish extraction. From his earliest years he displayed a strong bent to linguistic and antiquarian studies. In 1825 he was engaged in collating the text of Csedmon for the university of Oxford, and assisting Dr Bliss in editing Blore s Monumental Remains ; in the following year he joined Mr Roscoe in preparing a catalogue of the earl of Leicester s MSS. at Holkham, which was completed in eight volumes folio, but remains unpublished. In the same year he was engaged by the British Museum to assist in the preparation of the classed catalogue of printed books at that time contemplated, and in 1828 he became assistant keeper of manuscripts. In 1833 he was knighted, and in 1837 succeeded the Rev. Josiah Forshall as keeper of manuscripts, which office he continued to hold until his retirement in 1866. Notwithstanding his indefatigable attention to his official duties, he found time for a great amount of exceedingly valuable literary work. Between 1828 and 1838 he edited for the Roxburghe Club the old English romances of Ilavelok the Dane (discovered by him self among the Laudian MSS. in the Bodleian) and William and the Werwolf, and the old English versions of the Gesta Romanorum. In 1839 he edited the ancient metrical romances of Syr Gaivayne for the Bannatyne Club, and in 1847 Layamon s Brut, with a prose translation, for the Society of Antiquaries. In 1850 the magnificent edition of Wickliffe s translations of the Scriptures from the original MSS., upon which he and his coadjutor, Mr Forshall, had besn engaged for twenty years, was published by the university of Oxford. In 1866-69 he edited the Historia Minor of Matthew Paris for the Rolls series. In 1833 he prepared the literary part of Mr Shaw s wo.rk on Illuminated Ornaments; and in 1850 he edited the English translation of Silvestre s Universal Palseography. He had projected a history of chess in the Middle Ages ; ill-health, however, and other causes, prevented the completion of the work. He died on March 8, 1873, bequeathing his journals and other private papers to the Bodleian Library, where they are to remain unopened until 1920. Sir Frederic Madden s attainments were great, and his services to literature liighly distinguished. He was perhaps the first palaeographer of his day, and as keeper of manuscripts was most zealous and industrious, imposing a large amount of manual as well as intellectual labour upon himself, and continually, although too often unsuccessfully, exerting himself to enrich the collections committed to his care. He was an acute as well as a laborious antiquary, but rather qualified for critical than for original research, and his unacquaintance with German prevented his ranking high as a philologer, although he paid much attention to the early dialectical forms of French and English. His judgment was shown in the substantial value of the works edited by him. "Wickliffe s Bible is the first English version ; Layamon s Brut, a semi-Saxon paraphrase of the Norman Brut of Robert "Wace, unites two ages of English poetry, is an inestimable monument of the language at the period of its composition, and possesses no small poetical merit ; while Havelok is hardly less important in a philological and a metrical point of view. The first volume of his edition of Matthew Paris contains a valuable critical introduction, and the third a biography of the historian, with an estimate of his place in literature. Sir Frederic s minor contributions to antiquarian research were exceedingly numerous : the best known, perhaps, is his dissertation on the orthography of Shakespeare s name, which, mainly on the strength of the Florio autograph, he contends should be "Shakspere." This mode of spelling has been adopted by the New Shakspere Society. It is not generally known that Sir Frederic was the first to discover the "Perkins" forgeries in the duke of Devonshire folio Shakespeare, although private consider ations induced him to leave the further elucidation of the matter to others. He also promptly detected the fabrications of the Greek Simonides, which had imposed upon some of the first scholars in Germany. MADDER, or DYER S MADDER, is the root of Rubia tinctorum, L., and perhaps of R. peregrina, L., as well, both being European; but R. cordifolia, L., and perhaps Mungista, Roxb., a native of the mountains of Nepal, Bengal, Japan, &c., supply the Indian madder or manjit (see Pickering, Chron. Hist, of PL, 421 ; Drury, Useful Plants of India, 541). Rubia is a genus of about thirty species of the tribe Galiese, of the order Jhibiacesc, and much resembles the familiar Galiums, e.g., the lady s bedstraw and cleaver of English hedges having similarly whorled leaves, but the parts of the flowers are in fives and not fours, while the fruit is somewhat fleshy. The sole British species is Rubia peregrina, L. The use of madder appears to have been known from the earliest times, as cloth dyed with it has been found on the Egyptian mummies. It was the IpevO&avov used for dyeing the cloaks of the Libyan women in the days of Herodotus (Herod., iv. 189). It is the epvOpoSavov of Dioscorides, who speaks of its cultivation in Caria (iii. 160), and of Hippocrates (De Morb. Mul., i.), and the Rubia of Pliny (xix. 17), (see Pickering, p. 275). Rubia tinctorum, L., a native of western Europe, &c., has been extensively culti vated in South Europe, France, where it is called garance, and Holland, and to a small extent in the United States. Large quantities have been imported into England from Smyrna, Trieste, Leghorn, &c. The cultivation, however, is decreasing since alizarin, the red colouring principle of madder, has been made artificially (see ALIZARIN). Madder was employed medicinally by the ancients and in the Middle Ages. Gerard, in 1597, speaks of it as having been culti vated in many gardens in his day, and describes its sup posed many virtues (Herlall, p. 960) ; but the influence of madder over the system is now believed to be exceedingly slight. Its most remarkable physiological effect is that of
colouring red the bones of animals fed upon it, as also the