446 MAMMALIA many of these problems may be looked for. The subject is, however, attracting the attention of observers of all countries to a greater degree than it ever has before, with the usual result of bringing distrust upon, and dissatis faction with, the old systems, without as yet establishing anything in their place which meets with universal accept ance. The difficulty of finding distinctive characters capable of strict definition by which races or groups may be differentiated may be inferred from what has been said above. It is rather by the preponderance of certain characters in a large number of members of a group than by the exclusive or even constant possession of these characters in each of its members that the group must be distinguished. Hence, in all cases in which the characters can be expressed by the numerical method, as in the dimensions and proportions of different parts of the body, averages are now largely used by anthropologists. Provided the data upon which these averages are based have been obtained from a sufficient number of individuals, they can be absolutely relied upon to express the prevailing or most characteristic development of each particular feature in any group, and permit satisfactory comparisons between the conditions of that feature in different groups. Great pro gress is now being made in perfecting the methods of investigation of racial characteristics, and as we are begin ning to learn what lines of research are profitable and what are barren, we may hope that the time is not far distant when we may get some clear insight into the knowledge of the natural classification and relationships of the races of Man. (w. H. F.) INDEX. Aard-vark, 3S9. Claws, 348. Hair, 347 Manus, 359. Paradoxure, 436. Shrews, 403. Aard-wolf, 437. Coati, 441. Halicore, 390. Mar mot, 418. Peccary, 430. Sight, sense of, 367. Acanthoglossus, 378. Coryphodon, 426. Hamster, 419. Marten, 440. Pecora, 430. Simiid.T, 444. .Sluroidea, 434. Cotylophora, 430. Hapalidse, 444. Marsupialia, 378. Pedetes, 415, 420. Siphneus, 419. Aerial mammals, 373. Couguar, 435. Haplodontidie, 418. Mastodon, 425. Pelvic girdle, 360. Sirenia, 389. Ailuridae, 441. Crumen gland, 348. Hare, 421. Megachiroptera, 409. Pentail, 402. Skeleton, 305. Ailuropus, 441. Cryptoprocta, 430. Harpyia, 409. Megaderma, 411, 412. Peramelidae, 381. Skull, 355. Air sacs, 366. Cynogale, 436. Hartebeest, 432. Megatheriida;, 384. Perissodactyla, 427. Skunk, 439. Alimentary canal, 362. Cynoidea, 437. Hearing, sense of, 367. Melinae, 439. Phalangistidaj, 382. Sloth, 384. Amblypoda, 436. Dasypodida?, 386. Heart, 364. Menodontida?, 429. Phascolarctinas, 382. Sloth bear, 442 Amphitherium, 375. Dasyproctidne, 420. Hedgehog, 403. Mesoplodon, 397. Phascolomyidoe, 383. Smell, sense of, 367 Anatomy, 347. Dasyuridse, 380; skull, 379. Hemicentetes, 405. Mesotherium, 427. rhascolotherium, 376. Solenodontida?, 404. Anoinaluridae, 417. Deer, 431. Herpestina;, 436. Mesozoic mammals, 375. Phocajna, 398. Soricidas, 403. Anoplotherium, 430. Delphinidas, 398. Hippopotamus, 430. Metatheria, 371, 378. Phocida?, 443. Ppalacidae, 419. Anteaters, 385, 388. Delphinoidea, 395. Hominidas, 444. Microchiroptera, 410. Phyllorhina, 412; P. Spalacotheriuin, 376. Antelope, 432. Dendrohyrax, skull, 422. Horns, 431. Mink, 440. larvata, 409. Sperm whale, 396. Antlers, 431. Dental system, 349 ; for Horse, 429. Mole, 404. Phyllostomidaa, 414. Squalodoritidas, 397. Apes, 44 1. mula, 353. Hyaena, 437. Molossus, 408, 413. Physeteridae, 395. Squirrel, 4 18. Aquatic mammals, 373. Didelphia, 371, 378. Ilyaanodon, 442. Mongoose, 436. Pichiciago, 387. Stag, 432. Archseocetl, 395 Didelphidse, 380. Hydrochceius, 421 ; skull, Monkeys, 444. Pinnipedia, 442. Stereognathus, 376. Arctoidea, 439. Digestive system, 361. 420. Monodelphia, 372, 383. Placenta, 368. Sternum, 358. Arctomys, 418; skull, 417. Dingo, 438. Hydropotes, 432. Monodon, 398. Placentalia, 383. Stomach, 362. Armadillo, 386 ; sternum Dinoceras, 426. Hyperoodon, 396. Monotremata, 377. Plagiaulax, 376. Subungulata, 422. and ribs, 358. DinomyidiE, 420 Hyracodontidse, 428. Mormops, 414. Platanistidaa, 397. Swine, 430. Artiodactyla, 429. Dinotherium, 425. Hyracoidea, 422. Morse, 443. Polecat, 440. Synetheres, 420. Badgers, 440. Dipodida;, 419. Hyrax, 423. Mouse, 419. Pontoporia, 398. Talpidas, 403. Balasnoidea, 394. Distribution, geographi Hystricida3,420; skull, 416. Mouth, 361. Porcupine, 420. Tamandua, 386. Bandicoot, 381. cal, 373. Hystricomorpha, 420. Muntjac, 432 Porpoise, 398, 399; ver Taphozous, 413. Bats, 405. Dog, 438; teeth, 353; Ibex, 432. Muridae, 418. tebra, 358. Tapirs, 428. Bear, 441. skull, 355; vertebrae, 357. Ichneumon, 436. Musk deer, 432. Potamogalida?, 404. Tarsi pes, 382. Beaver, 418. Dolphins, 399; teeth, 352; Ictonyx, 440. Musk ox, 432. Primates, 444. Taste, sense of, 367. Beluga, 398. skull, 392. Insectivora, 400. Musk rat, 419. Proboscidai, 423. Tatusiinse, 387. Binturong, 436. Dormouse, 418. Intestines, 362. Mustelidae, 439. Procyonida?, 440 Teeth, 349 ; of Cai ni- Bison, 432. Ductless glands, 365. Jackal, 438. Musteline, 440. Proteles, 437. vora, 433 ; of Opossum, Bladder, 366. Dugong, 390. Jaguar, 435. Mylodon, 385. Prototheria, 371, 377. 378 ; of Proboscideans, Blood, 364. Ear, 367. Jerboa, 419. Myogalinae, 403. Pteropodidas, 409. 423. Bottle-nose, 396, 399. Echidnidai, 378. Jumping hare, 415, 420. Myomorpha. 418. Ptilocercus, 402. Tegumentary structures, Bovidae, 432. Edentata, 383. Jurassic mammals, 375. Myoxidie, 418. Puma, 435. 347. Bradypodidic, 384. Eland, 432. Kangaroo, 382. Myrmecobiinae, 381. Rabbit, 421. Terrestrial mammals, 374. Brain, 366. Elephant, 423. Kerivoula, 411. Myrmecophagida?, 385. Raccoon, 441. Thigh, 360. Buffalo, 432. Emballonuridae, 412. Kidneys, 366. Mystacina, 413, 414. Rat, 419. Thylacinus, 380. Bunodonta, 430. Epomophorus, 408. Kinkajou, 441. Mystacoceti, 394. Ratcl, 440. Thylacoleo, 383. Bunotheria, 442. Equidae, 429. Koala, 383; skull, 379; Nails, 348. Reproductive organs, 368. Thyroptera, 411. Cachalot, 396. Erinaceidas, 402. hind foot, 382. Narwhal, 398. Respiratory organs, 365. Tiger, 435. Camel, 430. Eupleres, 436. Lagomorpha, 421. Natalus, 411. Rhinoceros, 428. Tillodontia, 432. Camelopardalidae, 432. Eusmilus, 435. Lagomyidae, 421. Nectogale, 403. Rhinolophida", 412. Tortoise, manus of, 359. Capybara, 421. Eutheria, 372, 383. Larynx, 365. Nervous system, 366. Rhinopoma, 413. Touch, sense of, 367. Carnivora, 432. Eye, 367. Leg, 3CO. Noctule bat, 406. Rhytina, 390. Trachea, 365, Carpus, 359. Felida;, 434 Lemming, 419. Nostrils, 365. Ribs, 358. Tragulina, 430. Castoridaa, 418; skull, 416. Ferret, 440. Lemur, 444. j Nycterida?, 411. Rodentia, 415. Triasnops, 412. Cat, 434. Fiber, 419; skull, 418. Leopard, 435. Nyctinomus, 413. Rorqual, 395. Triassic mammals,. 375. Cattle, 432. Fin-whales, 395. Leporidaj , 421. Nylghau, 432. Ruminants, 431. Tricheehidae, 443. Caviidae, 421. Fissipedia, 433. Limbs, 353. Ocelot, 435. Saiga, 432. Triconodon, 876. Cebidse, 444. Flying lemur, 401. Lion, 435. Octodontidaj, 420. Salivary glands, 361. Tupaiidae, 401. Centetidae, 404. Foetal membranes, 369. Liver, 3C3. Odontoceti, 395. Scales, 348. Tylopoda, 430. Centurio, 415. Foot, 360. Llama,430 Odour-secreting glands, Scaly anteater, 388. Ungulata, 421. Cercopithecidae, 444. Fox, 438. Lophiodontiua?, 428. 348. Seiurid*, 418. Urinary organs, 366. Cei vidae, 432. Galeopithecidae, 401. Lophiomyida?, 418. Opossum, 380; teeth, 378. Sciuromorpha, 417. Ursidae, 441. Cetacea, 391. Genette, 436. Lungs, 365. Orca, 399. Scotophilus, 411. Vampyre, 415. Clialicotheriidw, 429. Genital organs, 368. Lutrinae, 439. Ornithodelphia, 371, 377. Sea bear, 443. Vertebra?, 356. Chamois, 432. Geographical distribu Lycaon, 439. OrnithorhynchidEe. 377. Sea cow, 390. Vespertilionidae, 410. Cheetah, 435. tion, 373. Lymphatic vessels, 364. Orycteropodidas, 388. Sea elephant, 444. Vole, 419. Chevrotain, 430. Geomyida 1 , 419. Lynx, 435. Oryzorictinae, 405. Sea lion, 443. Vivenidse, 430. Chinchillidie, 420. Giraffe, 432. Machaerodus, 435. Otariidae, 44 . Seals, 443. Walrus, 443. Chiroptera, 4( 5. Glutton, 440. Macrauchenidae, 428. Otocyon, 439. Secondary sexual charac Weasel, 440. Chlamydophorinae, 386. Glyptodon, 388. Macropodidrc, 382. Otter, 439. ters, 3G8. Whalebone, 394. Chosronycteris, 414. Gnu, 432. Macroscelidae, 402. Ounce, 435. Selenodonta, 430. Whales, 394. Chceropus, 381. Goat, 432. Mammary glands, 368. Ox, 432. Sense, organs of, 366. White whale, 398 Cholojpus, 384. Grampus, 399. Mammoth, 425. Palaeotlifrium, 429. Serotine bat, 410. Wolf, 438. Chrysochloridas, 405. Orison, 440. Man, 444. Panda, 441. Serval, 435. Wolverene, 440. Civet, 436. Guinea pig, 421. Manatee, 390. Pangolin, 388. Sheep, 432. Zenglodon, 395. Classification, 370. Gymnurinaj, 402 Manida;, 388. Panther, 435. Shoulder girdle, 358.
Ziphiiiwe, 396.