454 M A N M A N Ho placed the island under the government of his nobles or thanes, whose repeated acts of tyrannical oppression at length inspired the inhabitants to throw off the Scottish yoke. Bishop Mark (Marcus Galvadiensis), a Scotchman, however, being in formed of their determination, obtained their mutual consent to decide the contest by thirty champions selected from each party. The Manx champions were all killed, and twenty-five of the Scot tish warriors shared the same fate. This victory confirmed tho conquest of the Scots ; the ancient regal government was abolished, and a military despotism established. The most important relics of the Northmen are the Runic crosses, of which there are about forty, either whole or fragmentary. Nearly one half of these contain Scandinavian inscriptions in the ancient Norse language and in Runic character. There are a very large number at Kirk Michael, but some of the most perfect are those in the churchyards of Ballaugh, Maughold, and Braddan. During the contentions of Bruce and Baliol, Edward I. of Eng land took possession of the island for a period, while two rival claimants for the throne appeared. One of these was Mary, the daughter of Reginald II.; the other her aunt Affrica or Alfrida, a daughter of Olave II., and sister of Magnus. The latter in 1305 conveyed her right in the island to her husband, Sir Simon de Montacute, whose son Sir "William afterwards mortgaged its revenues to Anthony Beck, bishop of Durham and patriarch of Jerusalem. In 1313 Bruce made a descent on the island, and granted it to his nephew Randolph, earl of Murray. In the reign of Edward III. Mary Waldebeof, daughter of the previous claimant, solicited the assistance of that monarch. The king allowed her title, and by giving her in marriage to William Montacute, earl of Salisbury (the grandson of Sir Simon Montacute and Alfrida), thus united in their persons the rights of the two lines of descendants of Olave the Black to the kingdom of Man. With the aid of the English king, the earl was enabled to expel the Randolphs from the island ; and in the year 1344 he was crowned king of Man. In the year 1393 the earl of Salisbury sold to Sir William le Scroop, afterwards earl of Wiltshire, "the Isle of Man, with the title of king, and the right of being crowned with a golden crown." On his attainder for high treason, the island in 1399 was bestowed on Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, but, he having been attainted and banished, Henry IV. made a grant of it to Sir John Stanley for life. This grant was cancelled, and a new patent passed the Great Seal in 1406, bestowing the island on him and his heirs, to be held of the crown of Great Britain, by presenting to the king a cast of falcons at his coronation. Sir John died in 1414. The lords of the house of Stanley governed the island chiefly by lieutenants, who occupied the castles of Peel and Rushen. Various tumults arose ; and in 1422 fourteen persons were drawn by wild horses, quartered, and beheaded. Eventually authority was dele gated by Sir John Stanley the second to Henry Byron, who remodelled the House of Keys, and rendered his regency one of the most popular in the insular history. Sir John died in 1432, and was succeeded by his son Thomas, who was created Baron Stanley by Henry VI., and died in 1460. Thomas his son was created earl of Derby by Henry VII. He died in 1505. This nobleman s son Thomas, the second earl of Derby, relinquished the title of king of Man, as he preferred " being a great lord to being a petty king." Edward, the third earl, son of the last-named Thomas, was a great favourite with Henry VIII. On his death in 1572 he was succeeded by his son Henry, the fourth earl of Derby. He died in 1594, leaving two sons, Ferdinand and William, who in time became lords of Man. The title of William was disputed by the three daughters of Ferdinand ; with these, however, he effected a compromise ; and in 1610 he obtained an "act for assuring and establishing the Isle of Man in the name and blood of William, earl of Derby," but in 1627 resigned his dignities to his son James, celebrated in history as "the great earl of Derby." After the execution of this carl in 1651, for bringing aid to Charles II. before the battle of Worcester, the defence of the island was undertaken by the heroic Lady Derby, who was then in Castle Rushen ; but William Christian, the receiver-general, on the appear ance of a hostile fleet, surrendered the castle without resistance. The island was then granted to General Lord Fairfax, who held it until the Restoration, when it was restored to Charles, the eighth earl (the son of Earl James), in 1660. On the death of Earl Charles in 1672 he was succeeded by his son William, the ninth earl, who took but little interest in his Manx property, and, dying without issue in 1702, was succeeded by his brother James (a younger son of Charles, the eighth earl). At this time the lordship of Man was approaching dissolution. The leases, which had been granted for three lives, having nearly expired, and no provision having been made relative to their renewal, the neglect of agriculture became general, and the people were wholly given up to the fisheries and the pursuit of the contraband trade. In 1703, however, the earl conferred on his Manx subjects the Act of Settlement (very justly called the Manx Magna Charta), by which the lessees of estates were finally established in their possession, and their descent secured in perpetuity, on the payment of certain fines, rents, and dues to the lords. James died in 1736 without issue. The lordship of Man then devolved on James, second duke of Athole, a descendant of the Lady Amelia Anna Sophia Stanley (youngest daughter of the seventh earl of Derby). In 1725, in order to put an end to the contraband trade of the island, an Act of Parliament was passed authorizing the purchase of all the royalties and revenues of the island; but no result followed till 1765, when proposals for the purchase were revived and the sovereignty and its revenues were surrendered to the crown for 70,000. The duke and duchess reserved the manorial rights, the patronage of the see, and other emoluments and perquisites. By the Act of Revestment the island was more closely united to the crown of England, although its independent form of government has never experienced any material change. An annuity of 2000 had also been granted to the duke and duchess, but, on the ground of inadequate compensation, the fourth duke presented petitions to parliament and the privy council in 1781 and 1790. He did not succeed, however, until the year 1805, when an Act was passed assigning to him and his heirs, as an additional grant, a sum equal to one-fourth of the revenues of the island, which was afterwards commuted for 3000 per annum for ever. In 1825 an Act passed both houses of parliament, at the instance of the lords of the treasury, authorizing the lords of the treasury to treat with the duke for the purchase of his remaining interest in the island, and in 1829 he was awarded a further sum of 417,144 for his rights in and over the soil as lord of the manor, as follows : For the annuity Rents and alienation fines Tithes, mines, and quarries Patronage of the bishopric, with fourteen advowsons, the aggregate value_of which was (>000 150,000 34,000 233,144 Total 417,144 The ecclesiastical buildings of Man have never been remarkable for architectural beauty. The most important ecclesiastical ruin is St German s cathedral on St Patrick s Isle. The present building, which is roofless and in a very dilapidated condition, dates from 1245, but is supposed to occupy the site of an older building. It is a rude cruciform structure 110 feet long by 70 feet broad. The tower, 68 feet in height, is still entire. The crypt of the cathedral was made use of for an ecclesiastical prison, among its more import ant captives being Eleanor, wife of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, uncle of Henry VI. She is alluded to by Shakespeare as living in banishment with Sir John Stanley in the Isle of Man. " St Patrick s church on the same islet is supposed to have been erected in the time of St Patrick. Adjoining it is a round tower similar to those so common in Ireland. Most of the other old churches in Man have been replaced by modern structures, but another very ancient one is Lonan old church, now partly roofless, a very unpretending structure, but said to date from the 6th century. St Trinian s church, also in ruins, is said never to have been roofed, a circum stance accounted for by an interesting legend. Of Rushen Abbey, a house of the Cistercians, founded by Olave, king of Man, in 1134, there now only remain the tower, refectory, and dormitory. The Franciscan friary of Bimakin, founded in 1373, has been partly re built in a rude manner, and is used as a barn. Of the nunnery of Douglas, said to have been founded by Matilda, daughter of Ethcl- bert, king of the West Saxons, there are now very slight remains, chiefly of the chapel. The principal castles are Castle Rushen, in Castletown, the ancient residence of the kings of Man, dating probably from the 13th century, and still quite entire ; Peel Castle, the ancient strong hold of the island ; and Castle Moua, Douglas, erected in 1801 as a residence by the duke of Athole, and now used as a hotel. The chief sources of the early history of Man are the Korse and Erse Sagas, and the record kept by the monks of Rushen Abbey entitled Chronicon Mannix, which lias been edited with learned notes by P. A. Munch, Christiania, I860. The best general history is that of Train, 2 vols., 1845. Among other works may be mentioned J. G. Gumming, Isle of Man, its history, physical, ecclesiastical, civil, and legendary, 1848 ; Id.. Runic and other -Remains of the Isle of Man, 1857 ; J. O. Halliwell, Roundabout Notes on the Isle of Man, 1863. The publications of the Manx Society are of great value and interest. MANACOR, a town in the island of Majorca, stands on a slight eminence in a fertile plain, 30 miles east of Palma (-40 miles by rail, by way of Inca). It is substantially built, with wide streets and several squares; it has the usual buildings (a parish church, a hospital, schools, and the like), and the former palace of the independent kings of Majorca is pointed out. The neighbourhood produces cereals, fruits, an inferior quality of wine, and some oil ; and there is some trade in these, as well as in sheep and cattle The population in 1877 was 14,894. MANAGUA, the capital of Nicaragua, Central America,
lies on the south shore of Lake Managua in 12 7 N. lat.